chore(i18n): finish translating code comments and scripts to English

Completes the English-only standardization for code, comments, scripts
and CI templates (UI/CLI-facing strings stay bilingual pt-BR/en,
untouched). Covers the remaining crates/, apps/gui/ui/ and
apps/gui/src-tauri/ comments, .gitea/ workflow and template comments,
.githooks/ hooks, and the scripts/ source comments for the files
already renamed in a prior commit (check.sh, generate-logo.py,
install-hooks.sh).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VAyr8d7HuAdUGB6aA5xmDD

crates/guara-core/tests/apfs.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! APFS: imagem real do dfvfs (4 checkpoints) e exclusão simulada pela troca da raiz da árvore.
+//! APFS: real `dfvfs` image (4 checkpoints) and simulated COW deletion by swapping the fs-tree root.
 
 mod common;
 use common::*;
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn quick_scan_is_clean_on_pristine_volume() {
     );
 }
 
-// --- manipulação bruta de nós (independente do módulo) ---
+// --- raw B-tree node helpers (independent of the production parser) ---
 
 fn le16(b: &[u8], o: usize) -> usize {
     u16::from_le_bytes([b[o], b[o + 1]]) as usize
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
     let mut d = std::fs::read(&p).unwrap();
     let bs = 4096usize;
     let blk = |d: &[u8], n: u64| d[n as usize * bs..(n as usize + 1) * bs].to_vec();
-    // Superbloco mais recente do contêiner.
+    // Locate the latest container superblock (`NXSB`).
     let (desc_blocks, desc_base) = (le32(&d, 104) as u64, le64(&d, 112));
     let mut nx = d[..bs].to_vec();
     for i in 0..desc_blocks {
@@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
             nx = b;
         }
     }
-    // omap do contêiner -> volume
+    // container omap -> volume superblock (`APSB`)
     let cont_omap = blk(&d, le64(&nx, 160));
     let cont_tree = blk(&d, le64(&cont_omap, 48));
     let (_, cont_entries) = read_node(&{
-        // omap usa chaves fixas (16/16): reaproveita o leitor variável convertendo a tabela
+        // omap uses fixed-size keys/values (16/16): convert its TOC to variable-size format for `read_var_node`
         let mut c = cont_tree.clone();
         fixed_to_var(&mut c);
         c
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
     let root = blk(&d, root_paddr);
     assert_eq!(le16(&root, 34), 0, "raiz deveria ser folha nesta imagem");
     let (_, recs) = read_node(&root);
-    // inode do arquivo
+    // find target file inode number
     let victim = b"passwords.txt";
     let ino = recs
         .iter()
@@ -216,12 +216,12 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
         .collect();
     assert!(kept.len() < recs.len());
     let newnode = write_node(&root, &kept);
-    // bloco livre para a nova versão
+    // pick an unused block for the new COW root leaf
     let free = (10..d.len() / bs)
         .find(|&n| d[n * bs..(n + 1) * bs].iter().all(|&x| x == 0) && n != vol_tree_paddr as usize)
         .expect("bloco livre");
     d[free * bs..(free + 1) * bs].copy_from_slice(&newnode);
-    // aponta o mapa de objetos para a nova versão (mesmo xid), editando o valor da entrada
+    // repoint the volume omap entry to `free_blk` (keeping the same `xid`)
     let toc_off = le16(&vt_orig, 40);
     let key_base = 56 + toc_off + le16(&vt_orig, 42);
     let _ = key_base;
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
     let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
     let p2 = dir.path().join("a.img");
     std::fs::write(&p2, &d).unwrap();
-    // O arquivo sumiu da árvore atual...
+    // The file is gone from the current live tree...
     let src = FileSource::open(&p2).unwrap();
     assert!(!live_paths(&src, 0).iter().any(|f| f.0 == "passwords.txt"));
     init();
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ fn file_removed_from_the_current_tree_survives_in_the_old_node() {
     );
 }
 
-/// Converte a tabela de entradas fixas (4 bytes) de um nó de omap para o formato variável (8 bytes) em memória.
+/// Converts a fixed-entry TOC (4 bytes/entry) of an omap node into variable-entry format (8 bytes/entry) in memory.
 fn fixed_to_var(b: &mut Vec<u8>) {
     let flags = le16(b, 32) as u16;
     if flags & 4 == 0 {
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ fn fixed_to_var(b: &mut Vec<u8>) {
 
 fn write_node_flagsless(old: &[u8], entries: &[Entry]) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut b = write_node(old, entries);
-    // write_node usa as flags de `old`
+    // `write_node` preserves the node flags from `old`
     let fl = le16(&b, 32) as u16;
     b[32..34].copy_from_slice(&fl.to_le_bytes());
     b