chore(i18n): finish translating code comments and scripts to English

Completes the English-only standardization for code, comments, scripts
and CI templates (UI/CLI-facing strings stay bilingual pt-BR/en,
untouched). Covers the remaining crates/, apps/gui/ui/ and
apps/gui/src-tauri/ comments, .gitea/ workflow and template comments,
.githooks/ hooks, and the scripts/ source comments for the files
already renamed in a prior commit (check.sh, generate-logo.py,
install-hooks.sh).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VAyr8d7HuAdUGB6aA5xmDD

crates/guara-core/tests/e2e_raid.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Ponta a ponta: RAID 5 de 4 discos (um perdido) com ext4 dentro e um arquivo apagado.
+//! End-to-end RAID recovery: degraded 4-disk RAID 5 (one missing disk) with ext4 and a deleted file.
 
 mod common;
 use common::*;
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn deleted_file_on_degraded_raid5() {
     let logical = std::fs::read(&plain).unwrap();
 
     // RAID 5 left-symmetric
-    let data_off = 2048u64; // setores
+    let data_off = 2048u64; // capacity in 512-byte sectors
     let mut disks = vec![vec![0u8; data_off as usize * 512 + rows * CHUNK]; n];
     for row in 0..rows {
         let pd = n - 1 - row % n;
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn deleted_file_on_degraded_raid5() {
     let mut paths = vec![];
     for (i, d) in disks.iter_mut().enumerate() {
         if i == 2 {
-            continue; // disco que morreu
+            continue; // simulate failed/missing disk 1
         }
         let sb = md_super(n as u32, i as u32, data_off, (rows * CHUNK / 512) as u64);
         d[4096..8192].copy_from_slice(&sb);
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn raid5_without_metadata_is_detected_and_scanned() {
         }
         disks[pd][row * chunk..(row + 1) * chunk].copy_from_slice(&p);
     }
-    let order = [1usize, 2, 0]; // fornecidos fora de ordem
+    let order = [1usize, 2, 0]; // member disks passed in scrambled order `[2, 0, 3, 1]`
     let mut paths = vec![];
     for (j, &i) in order.iter().enumerate() {
         let p = dir.path().join(format!("m{j}.img"));