chore(i18n): finish translating code comments and scripts to English

Completes the English-only standardization for code, comments, scripts
and CI templates (UI/CLI-facing strings stay bilingual pt-BR/en,
untouched). Covers the remaining crates/, apps/gui/ui/ and
apps/gui/src-tauri/ comments, .gitea/ workflow and template comments,
.githooks/ hooks, and the scripts/ source comments for the files
already renamed in a prior commit (check.sh, generate-logo.py,
install-hooks.sh).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01VAyr8d7HuAdUGB6aA5xmDD

crates/guara-core/tests/exfat.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! exFAT: injeta um conjunto de entradas APAGADO num sistema criado por mkfs.exfat.
+//! exFAT: injects a deleted directory entry set (`0x05`/`0x40`/`0x41`) into a `mkfs.exfat` image.
 
 mod common;
 use common::*;
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn exfat_apagado_e_recuperado_com_nome() {
     let heap = u32::from_le_bytes(d[88..92].try_into().unwrap()) as usize * ss;
     let root = u32::from_le_bytes(d[96..100].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
     let root_off = heap + (root - 2) * cs;
-    // Primeira entrada livre da raiz.
+    // Find the first unused 32-byte slot in the root directory cluster.
     let mut slot = root_off;
     while d[slot] != 0 {
         slot += 32;
@@ -43,15 +43,15 @@ fn exfat_apagado_e_recuperado_com_nome() {
     d[data_off..data_off + content.len()].copy_from_slice(&content);
     let name = "relatório final.txt";
     let units: Vec<u16> = name.encode_utf16().collect();
-    // 0x05 = arquivo apagado (0x85 sem o bit "em uso"), secundárias 0x40 e 0x41.
+    // `0x05` = deleted file entry (`0x85` with in-use bit cleared), followed by `0x40` stream and `0x41` name entries.
     let n_name = units.len().div_ceil(15);
     d[slot] = 0x05;
     d[slot + 1] = (1 + n_name) as u8;
-    d[slot + 12..slot + 14].copy_from_slice(&0x6000u16.to_le_bytes()); // hora
+    d[slot + 12..slot + 14].copy_from_slice(&0x6000u16.to_le_bytes()); // timestamp
     d[slot + 14..slot + 16].copy_from_slice(&((44u16 << 9) | (6 << 5) | 15).to_le_bytes()); // 2024-06-15
     let st = slot + 32;
     d[st] = 0x40;
-    d[st + 1] = 0x03; // alocação possível + sem cadeia na FAT
+    d[st + 1] = 0x03; // `NoFatChain` bit set (contiguous allocation)
     d[st + 3] = units.len() as u8;
     d[st + 20..st + 24].copy_from_slice(&first_cluster.to_le_bytes());
     d[st + 24..st + 32].copy_from_slice(&(content.len() as u64).to_le_bytes());