From 67d0c8aa5a6d10948d5c621d059d3d6b70fb4892 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Rayan <lucas.guerra@pop-pe.rnp.br>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 16:38:36 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 1/5] feat(protocols): conversations - thread_id and
 in_reply_to written at delivery, list and read APIs

A reply now joins the conversation of the message it answers (Message-ID,
In-Reply-To, References), falling back to the subject for replies with no
headers. /mail/threads lists a folder as conversations and /mail/thread/{id}
returns one. Replying from the webmail flags the answered message.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../0017_conversation_threading.down.sql      |   3 +
 migrations/0017_conversation_threading.up.sql |  41 +++
 .../cmd/lambdamail-protocols/main.go          |   1 +
 .../application/port/conversations.go         |  68 ++++
 .../port/inbound_message_repository.go        |   4 +
 .../application/usecase/message_headers.go    |  37 ++-
 .../usecase/message_headers_test.go           |  40 ++-
 .../usecase/process_inbound_email.go          |   2 +
 .../usecase/process_outbound_email.go         |   2 +
 .../application/usecase/webmail_mail.go       |  51 +++
 .../postgres/conversation_thread.go           |  96 ++++++
 .../postgres/conversation_thread_test.go      | 308 +++++++++++++++++
 .../infrastructure/postgres/conversations.go  | 310 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../postgres/inbound_message_repository.go    |  12 +-
 .../infrastructure/postgres/mail_store.go     |   2 +-
 .../internal/presentation/http/mail_api.go    |  43 +++
 .../internal/presentation/http/router.go      |  14 +
 17 files changed, 1025 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 migrations/0017_conversation_threading.down.sql
 create mode 100644 migrations/0017_conversation_threading.up.sql
 create mode 100644 services/protocols/internal/application/port/conversations.go
 create mode 100644 services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread.go
 create mode 100644 services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread_test.go
 create mode 100644 services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversations.go

diff --git a/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.down.sql b/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.down.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8ee189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.down.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_msg_mailbox_thread;
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS lm_has_reply_prefix(TEXT);
+DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS lm_subject_key(TEXT);
diff --git a/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.up.sql b/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.up.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..001742a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/migrations/0017_conversation_threading.up.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+-- Conversations.
+--
+-- email_messages.thread_id has existed since the first migration and nothing
+-- filled it, and in_reply_to was only ever copied, never written. A reply and
+-- the message it answered were therefore unrelated rows, which is why the
+-- webmail could neither show a conversation nor say whether it had been
+-- answered.
+--
+-- The subject key lives in the database so delivery, the backfill below and
+-- anything later share one definition of "the same subject": the prefixes mail
+-- clients add in several languages are not part of it.
+CREATE FUNCTION lm_subject_key(subject TEXT) RETURNS TEXT AS $$
+    SELECT btrim(regexp_replace(
+        lower(coalesce(subject, '')),
+        '^(\s*(re|fw|fwd|enc|res|rv|aw|wg|tr|antw)(\[\d+\])?\s*:)+', ''))
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE;
+
+CREATE FUNCTION lm_has_reply_prefix(subject TEXT) RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
+    SELECT lower(coalesce(subject, '')) ~ '^\s*(re|fw|fwd|enc|res|rv|aw|wg|tr|antw)(\[\d+\])?\s*:'
+$$ LANGUAGE SQL IMMUTABLE;
+
+-- Mail that arrived before replies carried their headers cannot be linked by
+-- Message-ID, so it is grouped by subject, and only where a reply is actually
+-- in the mailbox: two unrelated messages that merely share a subject stay apart.
+-- Everything else keeps thread_id NULL, which the webmail reads as "a
+-- conversation of its own" (COALESCE(thread_id, id)).
+WITH groups AS (
+    SELECT DISTINCT mailbox_id, lm_subject_key(subject) AS k
+      FROM email_messages
+     WHERE lm_has_reply_prefix(subject) AND lm_subject_key(subject) <> ''
+)
+UPDATE email_messages m
+   SET thread_id = md5(m.mailbox_id::text || '|' || g.k)::uuid
+  FROM groups g
+ WHERE m.mailbox_id = g.mailbox_id
+   AND lm_subject_key(m.subject) = g.k
+   AND m.thread_id IS NULL;
+
+-- The listing groups by this and filters by mailbox and folder.
+CREATE INDEX idx_msg_mailbox_thread ON email_messages (mailbox_id, (COALESCE(thread_id, id)))
+    WHERE expunged_at IS NULL;
diff --git a/services/protocols/cmd/lambdamail-protocols/main.go b/services/protocols/cmd/lambdamail-protocols/main.go
index 056fe25..2779c19 100644
--- a/services/protocols/cmd/lambdamail-protocols/main.go
+++ b/services/protocols/cmd/lambdamail-protocols/main.go
@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ func run(cfg config) {
 	if cfg.JwtSecret == "" {
 		log.Printf("JWT_SECRET is not set: the webmail mail API stays disabled")
 	}
+	webmailUC.SetConversations(postgres.NewConversations(pool))
 	router.SetMailAPI(webmailUC, cfg.JwtSecret)
 	// Folders the mailbox owner keeps for themselves, which the filing rules
 	// can then name as a destination.
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/port/conversations.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/port/conversations.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..264d493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/port/conversations.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package port
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// WebmailParticipant is someone who wrote in a conversation.
+type WebmailParticipant struct {
+	Name    string `json:"name"`
+	Address string `json:"address"`
+	// Me marks the mailbox owner, so the list can say "me" instead of a name
+	// the reader knows perfectly well.
+	Me bool `json:"me"`
+}
+
+// WebmailThread is one row of the conversation list: the newest message in the
+// folder being looked at, with what the rest of the conversation adds.
+type WebmailThread struct {
+	ThreadID       string               `json:"thread_id"`
+	UID            uint32               `json:"uid"`
+	Subject        string               `json:"subject"`
+	SenderAddress  string               `json:"sender_address"`
+	FromName       string               `json:"from_display_name"`
+	Snippet        string               `json:"snippet"`
+	ReceivedAt     time.Time            `json:"received_at"`
+	HasAttachments bool                 `json:"has_attachments"`
+	MessageCount   int                  `json:"message_count"`
+	UnseenCount    int                  `json:"unseen_count"`
+	Seen           bool                 `json:"seen"`
+	Flagged        bool                 `json:"flagged"`
+	Answered       bool                 `json:"answered"`
+	Participants   []WebmailParticipant `json:"participants"`
+}
+
+// WebmailThreadMessage is one message inside a conversation.
+type WebmailThreadMessage struct {
+	UID            uint32    `json:"uid"`
+	Folder         string    `json:"folder"`
+	Subject        string    `json:"subject"`
+	SenderAddress  string    `json:"sender_address"`
+	FromName       string    `json:"from_display_name"`
+	Snippet        string    `json:"snippet"`
+	ReceivedAt     time.Time `json:"received_at"`
+	HasAttachments bool      `json:"has_attachments"`
+	Seen           bool      `json:"seen"`
+	Flagged        bool      `json:"flagged"`
+	// Answered is true when the mailbox owner replied, whether the \Answered
+	// flag was set or the reply is simply there in the conversation - a reply
+	// written in another mail program leaves no flag, only the message.
+	Answered bool `json:"answered"`
+	// Own marks a message the mailbox owner wrote.
+	Own bool `json:"own"`
+}
+
+// ConversationReader serves the conversation views.
+type ConversationReader interface {
+	// ListThreads returns the conversations that have a message in the folder,
+	// newest first by that message.
+	ListThreads(ctx context.Context, mailboxID, folderName, search string, limit, offset int) ([]WebmailThread, error)
+	// ThreadMessages returns every message of one conversation, oldest first.
+	// folderName is the folder being viewed: a conversation's messages in Trash
+	// and Junk are left out unless that is the folder.
+	ThreadMessages(ctx context.Context, mailboxID, folderName, threadID string) ([]WebmailThreadMessage, error)
+	// MarkAnsweredByMessageID sets \Answered on the message a reply was written
+	// to, wherever in the mailbox it is filed.
+	MarkAnsweredByMessageID(ctx context.Context, mailboxID, messageID string) error
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/port/inbound_message_repository.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/port/inbound_message_repository.go
index 27e219a..aecec27 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/port/inbound_message_repository.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/port/inbound_message_repository.go
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ type PersistInboundMessageInput struct {
 	FromDisplayName string
 	MessageIDHeader string
 	HasAttachments  bool
+	// InReplyTo and References place the message in its conversation. Both
+	// hold Message-IDs without angle brackets.
+	InReplyTo  string
+	References []string
 	// AlreadySeen marks a copy the user themselves composed - their own Sent
 	// copy, or a draft. It is not unread mail, and counting it as such is why
 	// the Sent folder carried an unread badge that nothing could clear: no
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers.go
index 65c685e..b4cbd93 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers.go
@@ -19,10 +19,15 @@ type MessageHeaders struct {
 	Subject         string
 	FromDisplayName string
 	// FromAddress is the address in From, lowercased, or empty when it does not parse.
-	FromAddress string
-	MessageID       string
-	Snippet         string
-	HasAttachments  bool
+	FromAddress    string
+	MessageID      string
+	Snippet        string
+	HasAttachments bool
+	// InReplyTo and References are the Message-IDs this message answers, with
+	// the angle brackets removed so they compare equal to MessageID. They are
+	// what ties a reply to the conversation it belongs to.
+	InReplyTo  string
+	References []string
 }
 
 // wordDecoder tolerates the charsets that turn up in real mail. An unknown
@@ -57,6 +62,10 @@ func ExtractMessageHeaders(payload []byte) MessageHeaders {
 
 	out.Subject = truncateUTF8(decodeHeader(msg.Header.Get("Subject")), 998)
 	out.MessageID = truncateUTF8(strings.Trim(msg.Header.Get("Message-ID"), "<>"), 998)
+	if ids := messageIDsIn(msg.Header.Get("In-Reply-To")); len(ids) > 0 {
+		out.InReplyTo = ids[0]
+	}
+	out.References = messageIDsIn(msg.Header.Get("References"))
 
 	if from := msg.Header.Get("From"); from != "" {
 		if addr, err := mail.ParseAddress(from); err == nil {
@@ -152,3 +161,23 @@ func truncateUTF8(s string, max int) string {
 	}
 	return cut
 }
+
+// maxReferences bounds how much of a long chain is kept. The ids nearest the
+// end name the messages closest to this one, which is where its parent is.
+const maxReferences = 20
+
+// messageIDsIn lists the <id> tokens of an In-Reply-To or References header,
+// without their brackets, in the order written.
+func messageIDsIn(header string) []string {
+	var ids []string
+	for _, field := range strings.Fields(header) {
+		id := strings.Trim(field, "<>,;")
+		if id != "" && len(id) <= 998 && strings.Contains(field, "<") {
+			ids = append(ids, id)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(ids) > maxReferences {
+		ids = ids[len(ids)-maxReferences:]
+	}
+	return ids
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers_test.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers_test.go
index e7ff4c8..bebeb3f 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers_test.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/message_headers_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package usecase
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
 
 func TestExtractMessageHeaders_ReadsSubjectSenderAndSnippet(t *testing.T) {
 	msg := "From: Alice Example <alice@remote.test>\r\n" +
@@ -142,3 +146,37 @@ func TestExtractMessageHeaders_AttachmentDetection(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestHeadersCarryWhatAMessageAnswers(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := "Message-ID: <c@x.test>\r\nIn-Reply-To: <b@x.test>\r\nReferences: <a@x.test>\r\n <b@x.test>\r\nSubject: Re: Plan\r\n\r\nbody"
+	h := ExtractMessageHeaders([]byte(raw))
+	if h.InReplyTo != "b@x.test" {
+		t.Errorf("InReplyTo = %q, want b@x.test", h.InReplyTo)
+	}
+	if len(h.References) != 2 || h.References[0] != "a@x.test" || h.References[1] != "b@x.test" {
+		t.Errorf("References = %v, want [a@x.test b@x.test]", h.References)
+	}
+	if h.MessageID != "c@x.test" {
+		t.Errorf("MessageID = %q", h.MessageID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAMessageThatAnswersNothingHasNoReferences(t *testing.T) {
+	h := ExtractMessageHeaders([]byte("Subject: Hi\r\n\r\nbody"))
+	if h.InReplyTo != "" || len(h.References) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("a first message claims to answer %q %v", h.InReplyTo, h.References)
+	}
+}
+
+// A chain can run to hundreds of ids. The ones nearest the end name the parent.
+func TestAVeryLongChainKeepsTheNewestIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString("References:")
+	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&b, " <m%d@x.test>", i)
+	}
+	h := ExtractMessageHeaders([]byte(b.String() + "\r\nSubject: x\r\n\r\nbody"))
+	if len(h.References) != maxReferences || h.References[len(h.References)-1] != "m49@x.test" {
+		t.Errorf("kept %d ids ending %q", len(h.References), h.References[len(h.References)-1])
+	}
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_inbound_email.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_inbound_email.go
index a341112..b0953f3 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_inbound_email.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_inbound_email.go
@@ -347,6 +347,8 @@ func (uc *ProcessInboundEmailUseCase) Handle(ctx context.Context, input ProcessI
 			FromDisplayName:  headers.FromDisplayName,
 			MessageIDHeader:  headers.MessageID,
 			HasAttachments:   headers.HasAttachments,
+			InReplyTo:        headers.InReplyTo,
+			References:       headers.References,
 			AlreadySeen:      alreadySeen,
 			SPFResult:        authResult.SPF,
 			DKIMResult:       authResult.DKIM,
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_outbound_email.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_outbound_email.go
index 05c6bf8..f5d1d8e 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_outbound_email.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/process_outbound_email.go
@@ -187,6 +187,8 @@ func (uc *ProcessOutboundEmailUseCase) fileSentCopy(ctx context.Context, input P
 		FromDisplayName:  headers.FromDisplayName,
 		MessageIDHeader:  headers.MessageID,
 		HasAttachments:   headers.HasAttachments,
+		InReplyTo:        headers.InReplyTo,
+		References:       headers.References,
 		// The sender's own copy is not unread mail
 		AlreadySeen: true,
 	}})
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/webmail_mail.go b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/webmail_mail.go
index 81aa880..0a908cb 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/webmail_mail.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/application/usecase/webmail_mail.go
@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ type WebmailUseCase struct {
 	// the submission use case, not here.)
 	blobStore port.BlobStorage
 	messages  port.InboundMessageRepository
+	// conversations serves the conversation views and records which message a
+	// reply answered. Optional; see SetConversations.
+	conversations port.ConversationReader
 }
 
 func NewWebmailUseCase(
@@ -91,6 +94,42 @@ func (uc *WebmailUseCase) ListMessages(
 	return uc.repo.ListMessages(ctx, id, folder, search, limit, offset)
 }
 
+// SetConversations enables the conversation views. Optional: without it the
+// thread routes answer "not configured" and the webmail falls back to the
+// plain message list.
+func (uc *WebmailUseCase) SetConversations(c port.ConversationReader) {
+	uc.conversations = c
+}
+
+// ErrConversationsDisabled is returned when no conversation reader was wired.
+var ErrConversationsDisabled = errors.New("conversations are not enabled")
+
+func (uc *WebmailUseCase) ListThreads(
+	ctx context.Context, address, folder, search string, limit, offset int,
+) ([]port.WebmailThread, error) {
+	if uc.conversations == nil {
+		return nil, ErrConversationsDisabled
+	}
+	id, err := uc.mailboxID(ctx, address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return uc.conversations.ListThreads(ctx, id, folder, search, limit, offset)
+}
+
+func (uc *WebmailUseCase) ThreadMessages(
+	ctx context.Context, address, folder, threadID string,
+) ([]port.WebmailThreadMessage, error) {
+	if uc.conversations == nil {
+		return nil, ErrConversationsDisabled
+	}
+	id, err := uc.mailboxID(ctx, address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return uc.conversations.ThreadMessages(ctx, id, folder, threadID)
+}
+
 // GetMessage returns the raw RFC 5322 bytes and marks the message read.
 func (uc *WebmailUseCase) GetMessage(ctx context.Context, address, folder string, uid uint32) ([]byte, error) {
 	id, err := uc.mailboxID(ctx, address)
@@ -207,6 +246,16 @@ func (uc *WebmailUseCase) Send(ctx context.Context, input ComposeInput) error {
 	// thing. Swallowed like the Sent copy above and for the same reason: the
 	// mail is already queued, and failing the request now would only invite a
 	// second copy to be sent.
+	// The message this one answers is marked answered. Swallowed for the same
+	// reason: the reply is already on its way, and a failed flag only means the
+	// list shows the conversation as unanswered until the next message.
+	if uc.conversations != nil && cleanMessageID(input.InReplyTo) != "" {
+		if mailboxID, idErr := uc.mailboxID(ctx, account.EmailAddress); idErr == nil {
+			if err := uc.conversations.MarkAnsweredByMessageID(ctx, mailboxID, input.InReplyTo); err != nil {
+				log.Printf("webmail: could not mark %s answered: %v", input.InReplyTo, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	if input.DraftUID != 0 {
 		if mailboxID, idErr := uc.mailboxID(ctx, account.EmailAddress); idErr == nil {
 			if err := uc.repo.Expunge(ctx, mailboxID, "Drafts", input.DraftUID); err != nil {
@@ -341,6 +390,8 @@ func (uc *WebmailUseCase) SaveDraft(ctx context.Context, input ComposeInput, rep
 		FromDisplayName:  headers.FromDisplayName,
 		MessageIDHeader:  headers.MessageID,
 		HasAttachments:   headers.HasAttachments,
+		InReplyTo:        headers.InReplyTo,
+		References:       headers.References,
 		AlreadySeen:      true,
 	}})
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread.go b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f13e893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package postgres
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/md5"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+
+	"lambdamail/protocols/internal/application/port"
+)
+
+// resolveThread decides which conversation a message being filed belongs to.
+//
+// In order of how much each is to be trusted:
+//
+//  1. A message already in this mailbox with the same Message-ID. The same
+//     message filed twice - a copy in Sent and one delivered back to oneself,
+//     or a copy moved to another folder - is one conversation, not two.
+//  2. The message it answers, found through In-Reply-To and then References.
+//     This is what actually ties a reply to its original.
+//  3. A subject that starts with Re:, Fwd: or a translation of them, when the
+//     headers found nothing. The same key the migration used for older mail,
+//     so a reply to a message from before this existed still lands with it.
+//  4. Otherwise it starts a conversation of its own.
+//
+// A message with no stored thread_id is read as a conversation of its own
+// (COALESCE(thread_id, id)), so a parent from before threading is adopted by
+// its own id and needs no rewrite.
+func resolveThread(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, input port.PersistInboundMessageInput) (uuid.UUID, error) {
+	// The message's own id goes first so that it outranks the ones it answers.
+	var candidates []string
+	if input.MessageIDHeader != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, input.MessageIDHeader)
+	}
+	parents := make([]string, 0, len(input.References)+1)
+	if input.InReplyTo != "" {
+		parents = append(parents, input.InReplyTo)
+	}
+	// Nearest ancestor first: the last reference is the direct parent.
+	for i := len(input.References) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		parents = append(parents, input.References[i])
+	}
+	candidates = append(candidates, parents...)
+
+	if len(candidates) > 0 {
+		var found uuid.UUID
+		err := tx.QueryRow(ctx, `
+			SELECT COALESCE(thread_id, id)
+			  FROM email_messages
+			 WHERE mailbox_id = $1
+			   AND message_id_header = ANY($2)
+			   AND expunged_at IS NULL
+			 ORDER BY array_position($2::text[], message_id_header), received_at DESC
+			 LIMIT 1`, input.MailboxID, candidates).Scan(&found)
+		if err == nil {
+			return found, nil
+		}
+		if !errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
+			return uuid.Nil, fmt.Errorf("find the conversation: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if key := subjectKey(input.Subject); hasReplyPrefix(input.Subject) && key != "" {
+		return derivedThread(input.MailboxID, key), nil
+	}
+	return uuid.New(), nil
+}
+
+// The subject helpers are written here as well as in the migration's SQL
+// functions on purpose: delivery must keep working against a database whose
+// migrations have not all run, so it cannot call functions a later migration
+// creates. A test holds the two spellings to the same answers.
+var replyPrefix = regexp.MustCompile(`^(\s*(re|fw|fwd|enc|res|rv|aw|wg|tr|antw)(\[\d+\])?\s*:)+`)
+
+func hasReplyPrefix(subject string) bool {
+	return replyPrefix.MatchString(strings.ToLower(subject))
+}
+
+// subjectKey is the subject with the prefixes mail clients add taken off.
+func subjectKey(subject string) string {
+	return strings.TrimSpace(replyPrefix.ReplaceAllString(strings.ToLower(subject), ""))
+}
+
+// derivedThread names the conversation a subject belongs to when nothing in
+// the headers does. md5 over the same text as the migration's backfill, so
+// mail filed before and after agree on it.
+func derivedThread(mailboxID uuid.UUID, key string) uuid.UUID {
+	sum := md5.Sum([]byte(mailboxID.String() + "|" + key))
+	id, _ := uuid.FromBytes(sum[:])
+	return id
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread_test.go b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f59821e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversation_thread_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+package postgres
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+
+	"lambdamail/protocols/internal/application/port"
+)
+
+type threadFixture struct {
+	pool      *pgxpool.Pool
+	repo      *InboundMessageRepository
+	mailboxID uuid.UUID
+	domain    string
+	blob      port.BlobRef
+}
+
+func newThreadFixture(t *testing.T) *threadFixture {
+	t.Helper()
+	pool := testPool(t)
+	t.Cleanup(pool.Close)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	domainID := uuid.New()
+	name := "thread-test-" + domainID.String() + ".invalid"
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO domains (id, name, punycode_name) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)`, domainID, name, name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed domain: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { pool.Exec(ctx, `DELETE FROM domains WHERE id = $1`, domainID) })
+
+	mailboxID := uuid.New()
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO mailboxes (id, domain_id, local_part, email_address, password_hash) VALUES ($1, $2, 'me', $3, 'x')`,
+		mailboxID, domainID, "me@"+name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed mailbox: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, f := range [][2]string{{"INBOX", "inbox"}, {"Sent", "sent"}} {
+		if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO folders (id, mailbox_id, name, special_use) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4)`,
+			uuid.New(), mailboxID, f[0], f[1]); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("seed folder %s: %v", f[0], err)
+		}
+	}
+	blobID := uuid.New()
+	if _, err := pool.Exec(ctx, `INSERT INTO message_blobs (id, content_sha256, storage_driver, storage_path, size_bytes) VALUES ($1, $2, 'local', '/tmp/x', 10)`,
+		blobID, testBlobDigest()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed blob: %v", err)
+	}
+	return &threadFixture{pool: pool, repo: NewInboundMessageRepository(pool), mailboxID: mailboxID, domain: name,
+		blob: port.BlobRef{ID: blobID, SHA256: "deadbeef", SizeBytes: 10}}
+}
+
+// file stores one message and returns the conversation it landed in.
+func (f *threadFixture) file(t *testing.T, in port.PersistInboundMessageInput) uuid.UUID {
+	t.Helper()
+	in.MailboxID = f.mailboxID
+	in.Blob = f.blob
+	if in.SenderAddress == "" {
+		in.SenderAddress = "someone@example.test"
+	}
+	in.RecipientAddress = "me@" + f.domain
+	in.SPFResult, in.DKIMResult, in.DMARCResult = "none", "none", "none"
+	if _, err := f.repo.PersistAll(context.Background(), []port.PersistInboundMessageInput{in}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PersistAll: %v", err)
+	}
+	var thread uuid.UUID
+	err := f.pool.QueryRow(context.Background(), `
+		SELECT COALESCE(thread_id, id) FROM email_messages
+		 WHERE mailbox_id = $1 AND subject = $2 ORDER BY received_at DESC, uid DESC LIMIT 1`,
+		f.mailboxID, in.Subject).Scan(&thread)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read the conversation back: %v", err)
+	}
+	return thread
+}
+
+func TestAReplyJoinsTheMessageItAnswers(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	root := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Lunch?", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	reply := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Lunch?", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	if reply != root {
+		t.Fatalf("the reply started a conversation of its own")
+	}
+}
+
+// The reply carries no Re: and a different subject, so only the headers can
+// tie it to the conversation.
+func TestHeadersOutrankTheSubject(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	root := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Lunch?", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	reply := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Actually dinner", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	if reply != root {
+		t.Fatalf("a reply with a changed subject left the conversation")
+	}
+}
+
+// Only References survives some clients, and a long chain names the parent last.
+func TestReferencesAloneFindTheConversation(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	root := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Plan", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Plan", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	third := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Re: Plan", MessageIDHeader: "c@x.test",
+		References: []string{"a@x.test", "b@x.test"}})
+	if third != root {
+		t.Fatalf("a message known only by References left the conversation")
+	}
+}
+
+// What was sent and what came back are one conversation.
+func TestTheSentCopyJoinsTheConversation(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	root := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Quote", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	sent := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Quote", MessageIDHeader: "mine@x.test",
+		InReplyTo: "a@x.test", TargetFolderName: "Sent", AlreadySeen: true})
+	if sent != root {
+		t.Fatalf("my own reply is not in the conversation it answers")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnrelatedMessagesStayApart(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	one := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Invoice", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	two := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Invoice", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test"})
+	if one == two {
+		t.Fatalf("two unrelated messages that share a subject were merged")
+	}
+}
+
+// A reply that names nothing is still a reply by its subject.
+func TestAReplyWithNoHeadersFallsBackToItsSubject(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	a := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Status"})
+	b := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "RE: Re: STATUS"})
+	if a != b {
+		t.Fatalf("replies to the same subject were not grouped")
+	}
+}
+
+// The same message filed twice, such as a copy sent to oneself, is one conversation.
+func TestTheSameMessageFiledTwiceIsOneConversation(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	a := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Note", MessageIDHeader: "n@x.test", TargetFolderName: "Sent", AlreadySeen: true})
+	b := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Note", MessageIDHeader: "n@x.test"})
+	if a != b {
+		t.Fatalf("the sent copy and the delivered copy are two conversations")
+	}
+}
+
+// Mail from before threading has no thread_id and is its own conversation, so
+// a reply must adopt it by id rather than orphan it.
+func TestAReplyAdoptsAMessageFromBeforeThreading(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Old mail", MessageIDHeader: "old@x.test"})
+	if _, err := f.pool.Exec(context.Background(), `UPDATE email_messages SET thread_id = NULL WHERE mailbox_id = $1`, f.mailboxID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("simulate legacy: %v", err)
+	}
+	var legacyID uuid.UUID
+	if err := f.pool.QueryRow(context.Background(), `SELECT id FROM email_messages WHERE mailbox_id = $1`, f.mailboxID).Scan(&legacyID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read legacy id: %v", err)
+	}
+	reply := f.file(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Old mail", MessageIDHeader: "new@x.test", InReplyTo: "old@x.test"})
+	if reply != legacyID {
+		t.Fatalf("the reply did not adopt the older message")
+	}
+}
+
+// --- reading conversations --------------------------------------------------
+
+func (f *threadFixture) own(t *testing.T, in port.PersistInboundMessageInput) {
+	t.Helper()
+	in.TargetFolderName = "Sent"
+	in.AlreadySeen = true
+	in.SenderAddress = "me@" + f.domain
+	f.file(t, in)
+}
+
+func (f *threadFixture) inbox(t *testing.T, from string, in port.PersistInboundMessageInput) {
+	t.Helper()
+	in.SenderAddress = from
+	f.file(t, in)
+}
+
+func TestTheListHasOneRowPerConversationWithItsCount(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Plan", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	f.own(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Plan", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Plan", MessageIDHeader: "c@x.test", InReplyTo: "b@x.test"})
+	f.inbox(t, "bob@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Other", MessageIDHeader: "z@x.test"})
+
+	threads, err := NewConversations(f.pool).ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ListThreads: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(threads) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d rows, want 2 conversations", len(threads))
+	}
+	plan := threads[0]
+	if !strings.Contains(plan.Subject, "Plan") {
+		plan = threads[1]
+	}
+	// The reply written from Sent counts towards the conversation shown in the inbox.
+	if plan.MessageCount != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("the conversation has %d messages, want 3 (two received, one sent)", plan.MessageCount)
+	}
+}
+
+// What a reader wants to know at a glance.
+func TestAConversationIsAnsweredWhenIReplied(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Quote", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	conv := NewConversations(f.pool)
+	before, _ := conv.ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	if before[0].Answered {
+		t.Fatalf("an unanswered conversation was shown as answered")
+	}
+
+	// A reply written in another mail program leaves no \Answered flag, only the message.
+	f.own(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Quote", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	after, _ := conv.ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	if !after[0].Answered {
+		t.Fatalf("the conversation I replied to is not shown as answered")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestANewMessageAfterMyReplyIsUnansweredAgain(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Quote", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	f.own(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Quote", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Quote", MessageIDHeader: "c@x.test", InReplyTo: "b@x.test"})
+	threads, _ := NewConversations(f.pool).ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	if threads[0].Answered {
+		t.Fatalf("a conversation waiting on my reply was shown as answered")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMarkingAMessageAnsweredFlagsIt(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Ask", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	conv := NewConversations(f.pool)
+	if err := conv.MarkAnsweredByMessageID(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "<a@x.test>"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("MarkAnsweredByMessageID: %v", err)
+	}
+	threads, _ := conv.ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	msgs, err := conv.ThreadMessages(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", threads[0].ThreadID)
+	if err != nil || len(msgs) != 1 || !msgs[0].Answered {
+		t.Fatalf("the flag did not show: %v %+v", err, msgs)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAConversationOfAnotherMailboxCannotBeRead(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Private", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	conv := NewConversations(f.pool)
+	threads, _ := conv.ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+
+	other := newThreadFixture(t)
+	if _, err := conv.ThreadMessages(context.Background(), other.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", threads[0].ThreadID); err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("another mailbox read this conversation")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestThreadMessagesAreOldestFirstAndLeaveOutTrash(t *testing.T) {
+	f := newThreadFixture(t)
+	f.inbox(t, "ana@x.test", port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Topic", MessageIDHeader: "a@x.test"})
+	f.own(t, port.PersistInboundMessageInput{Subject: "Re: Topic", MessageIDHeader: "b@x.test", InReplyTo: "a@x.test"})
+	conv := NewConversations(f.pool)
+	threads, _ := conv.ListThreads(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", "", 50, 0)
+	msgs, err := conv.ThreadMessages(context.Background(), f.mailboxID.String(), "INBOX", threads[0].ThreadID)
+	if err != nil || len(msgs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d messages (%v), want 2", len(msgs), err)
+	}
+	if msgs[0].Own || !msgs[1].Own || !msgs[0].Answered {
+		t.Errorf("order or flags wrong: %+v", msgs)
+	}
+}
+
+// Delivery computes the subject key itself, and the migration backfilled older
+// mail with SQL. If the two ever disagreed, a reply would miss the conversation
+// its older messages were put in.
+func TestGoAndSQLAgreeOnTheSubjectKey(t *testing.T) {
+	pool := testPool(t)
+	defer pool.Close()
+	mailbox := uuid.New()
+	for _, subject := range []string{
+		"Plan", "Re: Plan", "RE: Re[2]: Fwd: Plan ", "  re :plan", "AW: Plan", "ENC: Plan", "Reunion", "Re:", "",
+		"Fw:Fw: invoice 12", "Resumo: vendas", "Antw: Re: Hallo",
+	} {
+		var sqlKey string
+		var sqlPrefix bool
+		var sqlThread uuid.UUID
+		if err := pool.QueryRow(context.Background(),
+			`SELECT lm_subject_key($1), lm_has_reply_prefix($1), md5($2::text || '|' || lm_subject_key($1))::uuid`,
+			subject, mailbox).Scan(&sqlKey, &sqlPrefix, &sqlThread); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%q: %v", subject, err)
+		}
+		if got := subjectKey(subject); got != sqlKey {
+			t.Errorf("%q: Go key %q, SQL key %q", subject, got, sqlKey)
+		}
+		if got := hasReplyPrefix(subject); got != sqlPrefix {
+			t.Errorf("%q: Go prefix %v, SQL prefix %v", subject, got, sqlPrefix)
+		}
+		if got := derivedThread(mailbox, sqlKey); got != sqlThread {
+			t.Errorf("%q: Go thread %v, SQL thread %v", subject, got, sqlThread)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversations.go b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversations.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c02649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/conversations.go
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+package postgres
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
+
+	"lambdamail/protocols/internal/application/port"
+)
+
+// Conversations reads the mailbox as conversations rather than as single
+// messages. Writing is MailStore's job, as for every other change.
+type Conversations struct {
+	pool  *pgxpool.Pool
+	store *MailStore
+}
+
+func NewConversations(pool *pgxpool.Pool) *Conversations {
+	return &Conversations{pool: pool, store: NewMailStore(pool)}
+}
+
+// scopeRow is one message that counts towards a conversation.
+type scopeRow struct {
+	threadID     uuid.UUID
+	uid          uint32
+	folder       string
+	folderID     string
+	subject      string
+	sender       string
+	name         string
+	snippet      string
+	receivedAt   time.Time
+	hasAttach    bool
+	seen         bool
+	flagged      bool
+	answeredFlag bool
+	own          bool
+}
+
+// scopeSQL selects the messages of the given conversations that belong in a
+// view of one folder: that folder's own messages, and the rest of the
+// conversation wherever it is filed, except what has been thrown away. Trash,
+// Junk and Drafts are left out of a conversation seen from elsewhere - a
+// reply still being written, or one deleted, is not part of the thread a reader
+// is looking at - and are the whole story when that is the folder viewed.
+const scopeSQL = `
+	SELECT COALESCE(e.thread_id, e.id), e.uid, fo.name, fo.id::text,
+	       COALESCE(e.subject, ''), e.sender_address::text,
+	       COALESCE(e.from_display_name, ''), COALESCE(e.snippet, ''),
+	       e.received_at, e.has_attachments,
+	       EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM message_flags f WHERE f.message_id = e.id AND f.received_at = e.received_at AND f.flag = '\Seen'),
+	       EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM message_flags f WHERE f.message_id = e.id AND f.received_at = e.received_at AND f.flag = '\Flagged'),
+	       EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM message_flags f WHERE f.message_id = e.id AND f.received_at = e.received_at AND f.flag = '\Answered'),
+	       e.sender_address::text = mb.email_address::text
+	  FROM email_messages e
+	  JOIN folders fo ON fo.id = e.folder_id
+	  JOIN mailboxes mb ON mb.id = e.mailbox_id
+	 WHERE e.mailbox_id = $1
+	   AND e.expunged_at IS NULL
+	   AND COALESCE(e.thread_id, e.id) = ANY($3::uuid[])
+	   AND (fo.id::text = $2
+	        OR (COALESCE(fo.special_use, '') NOT IN ('trash', 'junk', 'drafts')
+	            AND lower(fo.name) NOT IN ('trash', 'junk', 'drafts')))
+	 ORDER BY e.received_at ASC, e.uid ASC`
+
+func (c *Conversations) scope(ctx context.Context, mailboxID, folderID string, threads []uuid.UUID) (map[uuid.UUID][]scopeRow, error) {
+	rows, err := c.pool.Query(ctx, scopeSQL, mailboxID, folderID, threads)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read the conversations: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	out := make(map[uuid.UUID][]scopeRow, len(threads))
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var r scopeRow
+		var uid int64
+		if err := rows.Scan(&r.threadID, &uid, &r.folder, &r.folderID, &r.subject, &r.sender, &r.name,
+			&r.snippet, &r.receivedAt, &r.hasAttach, &r.seen, &r.flagged, &r.answeredFlag, &r.own); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r.uid = uint32(uid)
+		out[r.threadID] = append(out[r.threadID], r)
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}
+
+func (c *Conversations) ListThreads(
+	ctx context.Context, mailboxID, folderName, search string, limit, offset int,
+) ([]port.WebmailThread, error) {
+	if limit <= 0 || limit > 200 {
+		limit = 50
+	}
+	if offset < 0 {
+		offset = 0
+	}
+	folderID, err := c.store.ResolveFolder(ctx, mailboxID, folderName)
+	if errors.Is(err, port.ErrFolderMissing) {
+		return []port.WebmailThread{}, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// The page is chosen first, by the newest message each conversation has in
+	// this folder, and only then are those conversations read in full.
+	rows, err := c.pool.Query(ctx, `
+		SELECT COALESCE(thread_id, id)
+		  FROM email_messages
+		 WHERE folder_id = $1 AND expunged_at IS NULL
+		   AND ($2 = '' OR subject ILIKE '%' || $2 || '%'
+		                OR sender_address::text ILIKE '%' || $2 || '%'
+		                OR snippet ILIKE '%' || $2 || '%')
+		 GROUP BY COALESCE(thread_id, id)
+		 ORDER BY max(received_at) DESC, max(uid) DESC
+		 LIMIT $3 OFFSET $4`, folderID, search, limit, offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list conversations: %w", err)
+	}
+	var page []uuid.UUID
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var id uuid.UUID
+		if err := rows.Scan(&id); err != nil {
+			rows.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		page = append(page, id)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(page) == 0 {
+		return []port.WebmailThread{}, nil
+	}
+
+	byThread, err := c.scope(ctx, mailboxID, folderID, page)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	out := make([]port.WebmailThread, 0, len(page))
+	for _, id := range page {
+		if t, ok := summarise(id, byThread[id], folderID); ok {
+			out = append(out, t)
+		}
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// summarise folds a conversation's messages into its list row. It reports
+// false for a conversation with nothing in the folder viewed.
+func summarise(id uuid.UUID, msgs []scopeRow, folderID string) (port.WebmailThread, bool) {
+	var latestHere *scopeRow
+	for i := range msgs {
+		if msgs[i].folderID == folderID {
+			latestHere = &msgs[i] // oldest first, so the last one wins
+		}
+	}
+	if latestHere == nil {
+		return port.WebmailThread{}, false
+	}
+
+	t := port.WebmailThread{
+		ThreadID: id.String(), UID: latestHere.uid, Subject: latestHere.subject,
+		SenderAddress: latestHere.sender, FromName: latestHere.name, Snippet: latestHere.snippet,
+		ReceivedAt: latestHere.receivedAt, MessageCount: len(msgs),
+		Answered:     answered(msgs),
+		Participants: participants(msgs),
+	}
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		if !m.seen {
+			t.UnseenCount++
+		}
+		t.Flagged = t.Flagged || m.flagged
+		t.HasAttachments = t.HasAttachments || m.hasAttach
+	}
+	t.Seen = t.UnseenCount == 0
+	return t, true
+}
+
+// answered reports whether the last thing someone else wrote has been replied
+// to - by the flag, or by a message of the owner's that came after it.
+func answered(msgs []scopeRow) bool {
+	lastIncoming := -1
+	for i, m := range msgs {
+		if !m.own {
+			lastIncoming = i
+		}
+	}
+	if lastIncoming < 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	if msgs[lastIncoming].answeredFlag {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, m := range msgs[lastIncoming+1:] {
+		if m.own {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// participants lists who wrote, in the order they first did, at most four.
+func participants(msgs []scopeRow) []port.WebmailParticipant {
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	var out []port.WebmailParticipant
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		key := strings.ToLower(m.sender)
+		if seen[key] || len(out) == 4 {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[key] = true
+		name := m.name
+		if name == "" {
+			name = m.sender
+		}
+		out = append(out, port.WebmailParticipant{Name: name, Address: m.sender, Me: m.own})
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func (c *Conversations) ThreadMessages(
+	ctx context.Context, mailboxID, folderName, threadID string,
+) ([]port.WebmailThreadMessage, error) {
+	id, err := uuid.Parse(threadID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, ErrMessageNotFound
+	}
+	folderID, err := c.store.ResolveFolder(ctx, mailboxID, folderName)
+	if errors.Is(err, port.ErrFolderMissing) {
+		return nil, ErrMessageNotFound
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	byThread, err := c.scope(ctx, mailboxID, folderID, []uuid.UUID{id})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	msgs := byThread[id]
+	if len(msgs) == 0 {
+		// Another mailbox's conversation and one that does not exist look alike.
+		return nil, ErrMessageNotFound
+	}
+
+	out := make([]port.WebmailThreadMessage, 0, len(msgs))
+	for i, m := range msgs {
+		out = append(out, port.WebmailThreadMessage{
+			UID: m.uid, Folder: m.folder, Subject: m.subject, SenderAddress: m.sender, FromName: m.name,
+			Snippet: m.snippet, ReceivedAt: m.receivedAt, HasAttachments: m.hasAttach,
+			Seen: m.seen, Flagged: m.flagged, Own: m.own,
+			Answered: !m.own && (m.answeredFlag || ownAfter(msgs, i)),
+		})
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(out, func(a, b int) bool { return out[a].ReceivedAt.Before(out[b].ReceivedAt) })
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func ownAfter(msgs []scopeRow, i int) bool {
+	for _, m := range msgs[i+1:] {
+		if m.own {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// MarkAnsweredByMessageID sets \Answered on the message a reply was written to.
+func (c *Conversations) MarkAnsweredByMessageID(ctx context.Context, mailboxID, messageID string) error {
+	messageID = strings.Trim(strings.TrimSpace(messageID), "<>")
+	if messageID == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rows, err := c.pool.Query(ctx, `
+		SELECT fo.id::text, e.uid
+		  FROM email_messages e JOIN folders fo ON fo.id = e.folder_id
+		 WHERE e.mailbox_id = $1 AND e.message_id_header = $2 AND e.expunged_at IS NULL
+		   AND COALESCE(fo.special_use, '') NOT IN ('sent', 'drafts', 'trash')`, mailboxID, messageID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("find the message that was answered: %w", err)
+	}
+	type target struct {
+		folder string
+		uid    int64
+	}
+	var targets []target
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var t target
+		if err := rows.Scan(&t.folder, &t.uid); err != nil {
+			rows.Close()
+			return err
+		}
+		targets = append(targets, t)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+	for _, t := range targets {
+		if err := func() error {
+			_, e := c.store.SetFlags(ctx, t.folder, uint32(t.uid), port.FlagOpAdd, []string{`\Answered`}, 0)
+			return e
+		}(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag the answered message: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/inbound_message_repository.go b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/inbound_message_repository.go
index a37a1df..d7f440a 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/inbound_message_repository.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/inbound_message_repository.go
@@ -124,6 +124,11 @@ func persistOne(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, input port.PersistInboundMessage
 	// id and received_at come back because message_flags is keyed on both:
 	// email_messages is partitioned by received_at, so the flag rows cannot be
 	// written without the same timestamp the row landed on.
+	threadID, err := resolveThread(ctx, tx, input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
 	var messageID uuid.UUID
 	var receivedAt time.Time
 	err = tx.QueryRow(ctx, `
@@ -131,8 +136,8 @@ func persistOne(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, input port.PersistInboundMessage
 			mailbox_id, folder_id, uid, modseq, blob_id,
 			sender_address, recipient_addresses, size_bytes,
 			subject, snippet, from_display_name, message_id_header, has_attachments,
-			spf_result, dkim_result, dmarc_result
-		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12, $13, $14, $15, $16)
+			spf_result, dkim_result, dmarc_result, in_reply_to, thread_id
+		) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12, $13, $14, $15, $16, $17, $18)
 		RETURNING id, received_at
 	`, input.MailboxID, folderID, uid, modseq, input.Blob.ID,
 		input.SenderAddress, []string{input.RecipientAddress}, input.Blob.SizeBytes,
@@ -147,7 +152,8 @@ func persistOne(ctx context.Context, tx pgx.Tx, input port.PersistInboundMessage
 		// Sent copy and drafts have no authentication results by definition -
 		// and it failed the whole insert. Sent stayed empty because that write
 		// is deliberately non-fatal, and saving a draft reported an error.
-		nullIfEmpty(input.SPFResult), nullIfEmpty(input.DKIMResult), nullIfEmpty(input.DMARCResult)).
+		nullIfEmpty(input.SPFResult), nullIfEmpty(input.DKIMResult), nullIfEmpty(input.DMARCResult),
+		nullIfEmpty(input.InReplyTo), threadID).
 		Scan(&messageID, &receivedAt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("insert email_messages: %w", err)
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/mail_store.go b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/mail_store.go
index 1a0fb30..24375e3 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/mail_store.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/infrastructure/postgres/mail_store.go
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ func (s *MailStore) copyOne(ctx context.Context, sourceFolderID string, sourceUI
 		SELECT $2::uuid, $3::uuid, $4::bigint, $5::bigint, blob_id,
 			sender_address, recipient_addresses, size_bytes,
 			spf_result, dkim_result, dmarc_result,
-			from_display_name, subject, snippet, message_id_header, in_reply_to, thread_id, has_attachments,
+			from_display_name, subject, snippet, message_id_header, in_reply_to, COALESCE(thread_id, id), has_attachments,
 			arc_result, dane_status, tls_version, spam_score, spam_verdict, virus_name
 		  FROM email_messages WHERE id = $1 AND received_at = $6
 		RETURNING id, received_at`,
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/mail_api.go b/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/mail_api.go
index cf45825..7ab8635 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/mail_api.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/mail_api.go
@@ -102,6 +102,47 @@ func (m *mailAPI) handleMessages(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, messages)
 }
 
+// handleThreads lists the folder as conversations, one row each.
+func (m *mailAPI) handleThreads(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	session, ok := m.authenticate(w, r)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	query := r.URL.Query()
+	folder := query.Get("folder")
+	if folder == "" {
+		folder = "inbox"
+	}
+	limit, _ := strconv.Atoi(query.Get("limit"))
+	offset, _ := strconv.Atoi(query.Get("offset"))
+
+	threads, err := m.useCase.ListThreads(r.Context(), session.Email, folder, query.Get("q"), limit, offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		m.fail(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, threads)
+}
+
+// handleThread returns the messages of one conversation, oldest first.
+func (m *mailAPI) handleThread(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	session, ok := m.authenticate(w, r)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	threadID := strings.TrimPrefix(r.URL.Path, "/api/v1/mail/thread/")
+	folder := r.URL.Query().Get("folder")
+	if folder == "" {
+		folder = "inbox"
+	}
+	messages, err := m.useCase.ThreadMessages(r.Context(), session.Email, folder, threadID)
+	if err != nil {
+		m.fail(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	writeJSON(w, http.StatusOK, messages)
+}
+
 func (m *mailAPI) handleMessage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	session, ok := m.authenticate(w, r)
 	if !ok {
@@ -482,6 +523,8 @@ func (m *mailAPI) decodeCompose(
 // fail maps domain errors onto status codes without leaking internals.
 func (m *mailAPI) fail(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
 	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, usecase.ErrConversationsDisabled):
+		writeError(w, http.StatusNotImplemented, "CONVERSATIONS_DISABLED", "Conversations are not enabled")
 	case errors.Is(err, postgres.ErrMessageNotFound), errors.Is(err, usecase.ErrNoSuchMailbox):
 		writeError(w, http.StatusNotFound, "NOT_FOUND", "Message not found")
 	case errors.Is(err, usecase.ErrNoRecipients):
diff --git a/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/router.go b/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/router.go
index 37354c2..34253b1 100644
--- a/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/router.go
+++ b/services/protocols/internal/presentation/http/router.go
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ func (r *Router) registerRoutes() {
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/folders", r.handleMailFolders)
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/messages", r.handleMailMessages)
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/message/", r.handleMailMessage)
+	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/threads", r.handleMailThreads)
+	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/thread/", r.handleMailThread)
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/seen", r.handleMailSeen)
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/flagged", r.handleMailFlagged)
 	r.mux.HandleFunc("/api/v1/mail/send", r.handleMailSend)
@@ -287,6 +289,18 @@ func (r *Router) handleMailFolders(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (r *Router) handleMailThreads(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	if r.mailReady(w) {
+		r.mail.handleThreads(w, req)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *Router) handleMailThread(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+	if r.mailReady(w) {
+		r.mail.handleThread(w, req)
+	}
+}
+
 func (r *Router) handleMailMessages(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 	if r.mailReady(w) {
 		r.mail.handleMessages(w, req)

From 997dd8848fe9d2194229d8310a3471bf55dea2ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Rayan <lucas.guerra@pop-pe.rnp.br>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 16:40:36 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 2/5] feat(auth): conversation_view preference, on by default

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 ...0018_conversation_view_preference.down.sql |  1 +
 .../0018_conversation_view_preference.up.sql  |  3 +++
 services/auth/src/repository.ts               | 23 ++++++++++++++-----
 services/auth/src/router.test.ts              | 15 ++++++++++++
 services/auth/src/router.ts                   |  3 ++-
 5 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.down.sql
 create mode 100644 migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.up.sql

diff --git a/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.down.sql b/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.down.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeff770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.down.sql
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ALTER TABLE mailboxes DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS conversation_view;
diff --git a/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.up.sql b/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.up.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e251fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/migrations/0018_conversation_view_preference.up.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+-- Whether the webmail lists mail as conversations. On by default: it is what
+-- people coming from other mail programs expect, and it is one switch away.
+ALTER TABLE mailboxes ADD COLUMN conversation_view BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true;
diff --git a/services/auth/src/repository.ts b/services/auth/src/repository.ts
index 406bf84..c66f072 100644
--- a/services/auth/src/repository.ts
+++ b/services/auth/src/repository.ts
@@ -1195,21 +1195,32 @@ export async function deleteAlias(scope: AdminScope, aliasId: string): Promise<b
 
 // ------------------------------------------------ user preferences & sieve
 
-export async function getUserPreferences(mailboxId: string): Promise<{ signature: string; auto_save_drafts: boolean }> {
-  const row = await queryOne<{ signature: string | null; auto_save_drafts: boolean | null }>(
-    `SELECT signature, auto_save_drafts FROM mailboxes WHERE id = $1`,
+export async function getUserPreferences(
+  mailboxId: string,
+): Promise<{ signature: string; auto_save_drafts: boolean; conversation_view: boolean }> {
+  const row = await queryOne<{ signature: string | null; auto_save_drafts: boolean | null; conversation_view: boolean | null }>(
+    `SELECT signature, auto_save_drafts, conversation_view FROM mailboxes WHERE id = $1`,
     [mailboxId],
   );
   return {
     signature: row?.signature ?? "",
     auto_save_drafts: row?.auto_save_drafts ?? true,
+    conversation_view: row?.conversation_view ?? true,
   };
 }
 
-export async function updateUserPreferences(mailboxId: string, signature: string, autoSaveDrafts: boolean): Promise<boolean> {
+/** conversationView is left as it is when the caller does not say. */
+export async function updateUserPreferences(
+  mailboxId: string,
+  signature: string,
+  autoSaveDrafts: boolean,
+  conversationView: boolean | null = null,
+): Promise<boolean> {
   const rows = await query<{ id: string }>(
-    `UPDATE mailboxes SET signature = $2, auto_save_drafts = $3, updated_at = NOW() WHERE id = $1 RETURNING id`,
-    [mailboxId, signature, autoSaveDrafts],
+    `UPDATE mailboxes SET signature = $2, auto_save_drafts = $3,
+            conversation_view = COALESCE($4::boolean, conversation_view), updated_at = NOW()
+      WHERE id = $1 RETURNING id`,
+    [mailboxId, signature, autoSaveDrafts, conversationView],
   );
   return rows.length === 1;
 }
diff --git a/services/auth/src/router.test.ts b/services/auth/src/router.test.ts
index faab669..b531ef1 100644
--- a/services/auth/src/router.test.ts
+++ b/services/auth/src/router.test.ts
@@ -1218,6 +1218,21 @@ describeDb("moving between the surfaces", () => {
       expect((await send("GET", "/api/v1/user/trusted-senders")).body.senders).toEqual([]);
     }, 60000);
 
+    it("lists conversations by default and remembers a switch back, without being reset by other saves", async () => {
+      const prefs = async () =>
+        (await send("GET", "/api/v1/user/preferences")).body as { conversation_view: boolean; signature: string };
+      expect((await prefs()).conversation_view).toBe(true);
+
+      await send("POST", "/api/v1/user/preferences", { signature: "x", auto_save_drafts: true, conversation_view: false });
+      expect((await prefs()).conversation_view).toBe(false);
+
+      // A save from an older screen that does not mention it must not flip it back.
+      await send("POST", "/api/v1/user/preferences", { signature: "y", auto_save_drafts: true });
+      const after = await prefs();
+      expect(after.conversation_view).toBe(false);
+      expect(after.signature).toBe("y");
+    }, 60000);
+
     it("refuses something that is not an address", async () => {
       expect((await send("PUT", "/api/v1/user/trusted-senders", { address: "not an address" })).status).toBe(400);
       expect((await send("PUT", "/api/v1/user/trusted-senders", {})).status).toBe(400);
diff --git a/services/auth/src/router.ts b/services/auth/src/router.ts
index 4493e72..82c2be5 100644
--- a/services/auth/src/router.ts
+++ b/services/auth/src/router.ts
@@ -1224,7 +1224,8 @@ async function userUpdatePreferences(req: IncomingMessage, res: ServerResponse,
   const body = await parseJsonBody(req);
   const signature = typeof body?.signature === "string" ? body.signature : "";
   const autoSaveDrafts = body?.auto_save_drafts !== false;
-  await repo.updateUserPreferences(session.sub, signature, autoSaveDrafts);
+  const conversationView = typeof body?.conversation_view === "boolean" ? body.conversation_view : null;
+  await repo.updateUserPreferences(session.sub, signature, autoSaveDrafts, conversationView);
   sendJson(res, 200, { ok: true });
 }
 

From 86a69d1a96568d066ec740b604b4a124a3564b04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Rayan <lucas.guerra@pop-pe.rnp.br>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 16:41:59 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 3/5] refactor(webmail): the composer is a component, so a
 reply can be written under a conversation

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx      | 593 +----------------
 services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx  | 603 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts       |   2 +-
 3 files changed, 621 insertions(+), 577 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx

diff --git a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx
index 4da1ef4..abeae66 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx
+++ b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx
@@ -1,583 +1,24 @@
 "use client";
 
-import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState, use } from "react";
-import Link from "next/link";
-import {
-  Send,
-  Paperclip,
-  Bold,
-  Italic,
-  Underline,
-  Strikethrough,
-  List,
-  ListOrdered,
-  Link as LinkIcon,
-  Undo2,
-  X,
-  Sparkles,
-  CheckCircle2,
-  Flag,
-} from "lucide-react";
-import { useTranslations } from "../../../../i18n/provider";
-import { Button } from "../../../../components/ui/Button";
-import { notifyMailStateChanged } from "../../../../lib/useFolders";
-import { signatureToHtml } from "../../../../lib/signature";
-import { RecipientInput } from "../../../../components/RecipientInput";
-import { parseAddress, parseAddressList, prefixSubject } from "../../../../lib/recipients";
+import { use } from "react";
+import { Composer, type ComposerInitial } from "../../../../components/Composer";
 
-/** Entries from a query-string list, which may be several addresses. */
-function entriesFrom(value: string | undefined): string[] {
-  return value ? parseAddressList(value).map((p) => p.entry) : [];
-}
-
-interface AttachedFile {
-  id: string;
-  name: string;
-  size: number;
-  type: string;
-}
-
-export default function ComposePage({
-  searchParams,
-}: {
-  searchParams?: Promise<{
-    replyTo?: string;
-    cc?: string;
-    subject?: string;
-    inReplyTo?: string;
-    mode?: string;
-    draft?: string;
-  }>;
-}) {
-  const t = useTranslations();
+/**
+ * The full compose screen. The composer itself lives in components/Composer so
+ * the reply written under a conversation is the same code, not a copy of it.
+ */
+export default function ComposePage({ searchParams }: { searchParams?: Promise<ComposerInitial> }) {
   const params = searchParams ? use(searchParams) : {};
-
-  // Recipients are lists of entries, not one string to be split later: a
-  // reply-all arrives with several people already in To and Cc.
-  const [to, setTo] = useState<string[]>(() => entriesFrom(params?.replyTo));
-  const [cc, setCc] = useState<string[]>(() => entriesFrom(params?.cc));
-  const [bcc, setBcc] = useState<string[]>([]);
-  const [showCcBcc, setShowCcBcc] = useState(() => entriesFrom(params?.cc).length > 0);
-  const [subject, setSubject] = useState(
-    params?.subject ? prefixSubject(params.subject, params.mode === "forward" ? "forward" : "reply") : "",
-  );
-  // The Message-ID being answered, so the reply threads under it.
-  const [inReplyTo, setInReplyTo] = useState(params?.mode === "forward" ? "" : params?.inReplyTo || "");
-  const [important, setImportant] = useState(false);
-  const [attachments, setAttachments] = useState<AttachedFile[]>([]);
-  const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
-  const [undoSeconds, setUndoSeconds] = useState<number | null>(null);
-  const [draftStatus, setDraftStatus] = useState<string>("");
-  const [discarding, setDiscarding] = useState(false);
-  const [sendError, setSendError] = useState<string | null>(null);
-  // The UID of the draft already stored for this message. Sent back on each
-  // autosave so the server replaces it instead of leaving another copy.
-  const draftUidRef = useRef<number>(0);
-  // Set once the writer has discarded the message. An autosave already on its
-  // way when that happens would otherwise land afterwards and bring the draft
-  // back, so every save checks this before and after it talks to the server.
-  const discardedRef = useRef(false);
-
-  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
-  // The body, mirrored into React state.
-  //
-  // It used to live only inside the contenteditable, read through the ref at
-  // save time. Nothing observed it, so the autosave effect - which depends on
-  // what it reads - never re-ran when the message itself was typed. The draft
-  // was written once, moments after the address was entered, and never again:
-  // that is why a draft left behind by a sent message was empty.
-  const [body, setBody] = useState("");
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const savedSig = localStorage.getItem("lm_user_signature");
-    // signatureToHtml, not the raw value: the signature may be the plain text
-    // of the old field, whose newlines are whitespace once assigned as HTML -
-    // which is why every line break in a signature used to vanish here.
-    const signatureHtml = signatureToHtml(savedSig ?? "");
-    if (editorRef.current && signatureHtml) {
-      const initial = `<br/><br/>--<br/>${signatureHtml}`;
-      editorRef.current.innerHTML = initial;
-      setBody(initial);
-    }
-  }, []);
-
-  // Reopening a draft loads what was written into the composer, and adopts its
-  // UID so carrying on writing replaces that draft instead of leaving the old
-  // copy behind and starting a second one.
-  //
-  // Opening a draft used to land in the reader, which offered to reply to the
-  // half-written message and gave no way to finish it.
-  const draftParam = params?.draft;
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const uid = Number(draftParam);
-    if (!Number.isFinite(uid) || uid <= 0) return;
-
-    let cancelled = false;
-    void (async () => {
-      try {
-        const res = await fetch(`/api/v1/mail/message/${uid}?folder=drafts`, { cache: "no-store" });
-        if (!res.ok || cancelled) return;
-        const message = await res.json();
-        if (cancelled) return;
-
-        draftUidRef.current = uid;
-        setTo(message.to ?? []);
-        setCc(message.cc ?? []);
-        setImportant(Boolean(message.important));
-        setInReplyTo(message.in_reply_to ?? "");
-        if ((message.cc ?? []).length > 0) setShowCcBcc(true);
-        setSubject(message.subject ?? "");
-        const html = message.html || message.text || "";
-        if (editorRef.current) editorRef.current.innerHTML = html;
-        setBody(html);
-      } catch {
-        // A draft that cannot be loaded leaves an empty composer rather than
-        // a broken screen; the draft itself is untouched on the server.
-      }
-    })();
-    return () => {
-      cancelled = true;
-    };
-  }, [draftParam]);
-
-  // Removes a stored draft for good. discard_draft is what keeps it out of
-  // Trash: an ordinary delete moves it there, and a draft sitting in Trash is
-  // not discarded.
-  const removeDraft = async (uid: number): Promise<boolean> => {
-    try {
-      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/delete", {
-        method: "POST",
-        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
-        body: JSON.stringify({ folder: "drafts", uid, discard_draft: true }),
-      });
-      return res.ok;
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Saves the draft for real. This used to be a setTimeout that set the words
-  // "draft saved automatically" and nothing else - no request, no storage - so
-  // closing the tab lost the message while the screen had just said otherwise.
-  const saveDraft = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (discardedRef.current) return;
-    const html = editorRef.current?.innerHTML ?? body;
-    if (to.length === 0 && !subject && !body.trim() && !html.trim()) return;
-    setDraftStatus(t("mail.draftSaving"));
-    try {
-      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/draft", {
-        method: "POST",
-        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          to,
-          cc,
-          bcc,
-          subject,
-          html,
-          important,
-          in_reply_to: inReplyTo,
-          replace_uid: draftUidRef.current,
-        }),
-      });
-      if (res.ok) {
-        const data = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
-        if (typeof data.uid === "number") draftUidRef.current = data.uid;
-        // Discarded while this save was in flight: what it just stored is a
-        // draft nobody wants, so it goes too.
-        if (discardedRef.current && draftUidRef.current > 0) {
-          void removeDraft(draftUidRef.current);
-          return;
-        }
-      }
-      setDraftStatus(res.ok ? t("mail.draftSaved") : t("mail.draftSaveFailed"));
-    } catch {
-      setDraftStatus(t("mail.draftSaveFailed"));
-    }
-  }, [to, cc, bcc, subject, body, important, inReplyTo, t]);
-
-  // Debounced so a draft is written after a pause in typing rather than on
-  // every keystroke. Skipped once the message is on its way out.
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (sending) return;
-    // The body alone is enough: a message typed before its recipient is still
-    // worth keeping, and requiring an address here is half of why drafts were
-    // being stored with nothing in them.
-    if (to.length === 0 && !subject && !body.trim()) return;
-    const timer = setTimeout(() => void saveDraft(), 2500);
-    return () => clearTimeout(timer);
-  }, [to, subject, cc, bcc, body, important, sending, saveDraft]);
-
-  // Throws the message away: stops the autosave, removes the draft already
-  // stored for it, and only then leaves. Leaving first was the old behaviour -
-  // a link to the inbox - and left the draft in Drafts, as if nothing had
-  // been discarded.
-  const discardMessage = async () => {
-    discardedRef.current = true;
-    setDiscarding(true);
-    setSendError(null);
-    const uid = draftUidRef.current;
-    if (uid > 0 && !(await removeDraft(uid))) {
-      // Still there, so say so and let the autosave carry on rather than
-      // leaving the page with a draft the writer thinks is gone.
-      discardedRef.current = false;
-      setDiscarding(false);
-      setSendError(t("mail.discardFailed"));
-      return;
-    }
-    draftUidRef.current = 0;
-    notifyMailStateChanged();
-    window.location.href = "/user/mail/inbox";
-  };
-
-  const executeFormat = (command: string, value: string | undefined = undefined) => {
-    document.execCommand(command, false, value);
-    editorRef.current?.focus();
-    // execCommand edits the DOM directly, so the mirrored body is re-read
-    // here rather than relying on an input event that may not be dispatched.
-    setBody(editorRef.current?.innerHTML ?? "");
-  };
-
-  const handleFileUpload = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
-    if (!e.target.files) return;
-    const newFiles: AttachedFile[] = Array.from(e.target.files).map((f) => ({
-      id: Math.random().toString(36).substring(2, 9),
-      name: f.name,
-      size: f.size,
-      type: f.type || "application/octet-stream",
-    }));
-    setAttachments((prev) => [...prev, ...newFiles]);
-  };
-
-  const removeAttachment = (id: string) => {
-    setAttachments((prev) => prev.filter((a) => a.id !== id));
-  };
-
-  // Anything in a recipient field that is not an address. These stay on screen
-  // as red chips; sending with one would queue mail to a destination that
-  // cannot exist and report success.
-  const invalidRecipients = [...to, ...cc, ...bcc].filter((entry) => !parseAddress(entry).valid);
-  const hasRecipient = to.length + cc.length + bcc.length > 0;
-
-  const handleSend = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
-    e.preventDefault();
-    if (!hasRecipient) {
-      setSendError(t("mail.noRecipients"));
-      return;
-    }
-    if (invalidRecipients.length > 0) {
-      setSendError(t("mail.fixRecipients"));
-      setShowCcBcc(true);
-      return;
-    }
-    setSendError(null);
-    setSending(true);
-    setUndoSeconds(10);
-
-    const bodyHtml = editorRef.current?.innerHTML || body;
-
-    const interval = setInterval(() => {
-      setUndoSeconds((prev) => {
-        if (prev === null || prev <= 1) {
-          clearInterval(interval);
-          void sendActualMessage(bodyHtml);
-          return null;
-        }
-        return prev - 1;
-      });
-    }, 1000);
-  };
-
-  const sendActualMessage = async (htmlBody: string) => {
-    try {
-      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/send", {
-        method: "POST",
-        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          to,
-          cc,
-          bcc,
-          subject,
-          html: htmlBody,
-          important,
-          in_reply_to: inReplyTo,
-          // The draft this message grew out of, so the server can discard it.
-          // Without this the draft outlived the message it became and sat in
-          // Drafts as a duplicate of mail already sent.
-          draft_uid: draftUidRef.current,
-        }),
-      });
-      if (!res.ok) {
-        // Reporting success on a refused send is how a message silently
-        // disappears: the composer used to navigate away regardless.
-        const data = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
-        setSendError(data.message ?? t("errors.serverError"));
-        setSending(false);
-        return;
-      }
-      window.location.href = "/user/mail/sent";
-    } catch {
-      setSendError(t("errors.serverError"));
-      setSending(false);
-    }
-  };
-
-  const handleUndo = () => {
-    setUndoSeconds(null);
-    setSending(false);
-  };
-
-  /** One row of the compose sheet: a fixed-width label beside the control. */
-  const fieldRow = "flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-2 px-4 py-2.5 shadow-[inset_0_-1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]";
-  const fieldLabel = "w-14 flex-none text-[12.5px] leading-snug text-slate-400";
-  const bareInput =
-    "min-h-[30px] min-w-[160px] flex-1 border-0 bg-transparent text-sm text-slate-100 placeholder-slate-500 focus:outline-none";
-  const toolButton =
-    "flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-lg text-slate-300 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07] hover:text-slate-100";
-
   return (
-    <div className="flex-1 overflow-y-auto bg-dark-bg px-5 pb-11 pt-7 sm:px-8">
-      <form onSubmit={handleSend} className="mx-auto flex w-full max-w-[860px] flex-col gap-[18px]">
-        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-end justify-between gap-4">
-          <div className="min-w-0">
-            <h1 className="text-[25px] font-medium leading-tight text-slate-100">{t("mail.compose")}</h1>
-            {draftStatus && (
-              <div className="mt-1 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[12.5px] text-slate-400">
-                <CheckCircle2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5 flex-none text-indigo-500" />
-                {draftStatus}
-              </div>
-            )}
-          </div>
-          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => setImportant((v) => !v)}
-              aria-pressed={important}
-              disabled={sending}
-              title={t("mail.highImportanceHint")}
-              className={`inline-flex h-10 items-center gap-2 rounded-xl px-3.5 text-sm shadow-edge transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400 ${
-                important ? "bg-rose-900/70 text-rose-100" : "bg-dark-card text-slate-200 hover:bg-white/[0.07]"
-              }`}
-            >
-              <Flag className="h-4 w-4" fill={important ? "currentColor" : "none"} />
-              <span>{t("mail.highImportance")}</span>
-            </button>
-            <Button
-              type="button"
-              variant="secondary"
-              size="md"
-              disabled={sending || discarding}
-              onClick={() => void discardMessage()}
-            >
-              {t("mail.discard")}
-            </Button>
-            <Button type="submit" variant="primary" size="md" disabled={sending}>
-              <Send className="h-4 w-4" />
-              <span>{sending ? t("mail.sending") : t("mail.sendMessage")}</span>
-            </Button>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-
-        {sendError && (
-          <div className="rounded-xl bg-rose-900/60 px-4 py-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-rose-200 shadow-edge">
-            {sendError}
-          </div>
-        )}
-
-        {undoSeconds !== null && (
-          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-xl bg-dark-card px-4 py-3 text-xs text-slate-200 shadow-edge">
-            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
-              <Sparkles className="h-4 w-4 flex-none animate-spin text-indigo-500" />
-              {/* The countdown is a placeholder inside the message, not text
-                  bolted on after it. It used to be both: the bundle's own
-                  "{seconds}" was never substituted and a second, hardcoded
-                  count was appended, so this read "Undo Send ({seconds}s
-                  remaining) (9s remaining)". */}
-              <span>{t("mail.undoSend", { seconds: undoSeconds })}</span>
-            </div>
-            <Button variant="primary" size="sm" onClick={handleUndo}>
-              <Undo2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
-              {t("mail.undoSendAction")}
-            </Button>
-          </div>
-        )}
-
-        {/* One sheet, the fields stacked as rows inside it, rather than a stack
-            of separately outlined inputs: the message is one object. */}
-        <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-dark-panel shadow-edge">
-          <div className={fieldRow}>
-            <label htmlFor="compose-to" className={fieldLabel}>
-              {t("ui.toRecipients")}
-            </label>
-            <RecipientInput
-              id="compose-to"
-              value={to}
-              onChange={setTo}
-              placeholder="recipient@example.com"
-              disabled={sending}
-              invalid={to.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
-            />
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => setShowCcBcc(!showCcBcc)}
-              className="flex-none rounded-lg px-2 py-1 text-[12.5px] text-indigo-500 transition-colors hover:bg-indigo-500/10"
-            >
-              {showCcBcc ? t("mail.hideCcBcc") : t("mail.showCcBcc")}
-            </button>
-          </div>
-
-          {showCcBcc && (
-            <>
-              <div className={fieldRow}>
-                <label htmlFor="compose-cc" className={fieldLabel}>
-                  {t("mail.ccLabel")}
-                </label>
-                <RecipientInput
-                  id="compose-cc"
-                  value={cc}
-                  onChange={setCc}
-                  placeholder="cc@domain.com"
-                  disabled={sending}
-                  invalid={cc.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
-                />
-              </div>
-              <div className={fieldRow}>
-                <label htmlFor="compose-bcc" className={fieldLabel}>
-                  {t("mail.bccLabel")}
-                </label>
-                <RecipientInput
-                  id="compose-bcc"
-                  value={bcc}
-                  onChange={setBcc}
-                  placeholder="bcc@domain.com"
-                  disabled={sending}
-                  invalid={bcc.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
-                />
-              </div>
-            </>
-          )}
-
-          <div className={fieldRow}>
-            <label htmlFor="compose-subject" className={fieldLabel}>
-              {t("ui.subject")}
-            </label>
-            <input
-              id="compose-subject"
-              type="text"
-              value={subject}
-              onChange={(e) => setSubject(e.target.value)}
-              placeholder={t("ui.subject")}
-              required
-              disabled={sending}
-              className={bareInput}
-            />
-          </div>
-
-          {/* Formatting Toolbar */}
-          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-0.5 px-3 py-2 shadow-[inset_0_-1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]">
-            <button type="button" onClick={() => executeFormat("bold")} className={toolButton} title={t("mail.bold")}>
-              <Bold className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <button type="button" onClick={() => executeFormat("italic")} className={toolButton} title={t("mail.italic")}>
-              <Italic className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => executeFormat("underline")}
-              className={toolButton}
-              title={t("mail.underline")}
-            >
-              <Underline className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => executeFormat("strikeThrough")}
-              className={toolButton}
-              title={t("mail.strikethrough")}
-            >
-              <Strikethrough className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <span className="mx-1.5 h-[18px] w-px bg-white/[0.14]" />
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => executeFormat("insertUnorderedList")}
-              className={toolButton}
-              title={t("mail.bulletList")}
-            >
-              <List className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => executeFormat("insertOrderedList")}
-              className={toolButton}
-              title={t("mail.numberedList")}
-            >
-              <ListOrdered className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-            <span className="mx-1.5 h-[18px] w-px bg-white/[0.14]" />
-            <button
-              type="button"
-              onClick={() => {
-                const url = prompt(t("mail.insertUrl"));
-                if (url) executeFormat("createLink", url);
-              }}
-              className={`${toolButton} text-indigo-500`}
-              title={t("mail.insertLink")}
-            >
-              <LinkIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
-            </button>
-          </div>
-
-          <div
-            ref={editorRef}
-            contentEditable
-            suppressContentEditableWarning
-            onInput={(e) => setBody((e.target as HTMLDivElement).innerHTML)}
-            onBlur={(e) => setBody((e.target as HTMLDivElement).innerHTML)}
-            aria-label={t("ui.messageBody")}
-            role="textbox"
-            aria-multiline="true"
-            className="min-h-[280px] px-[22px] py-5 font-sans text-[14.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-200 focus:outline-none"
-          />
-
-          {/* Attachment Selector & Display */}
-          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2.5 px-4 py-3.5 shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]">
-            <label className="flex flex-none cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-[10px] border border-white/[0.14] px-3 py-2 text-[13px] text-slate-200 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07]">
-              <Paperclip className="h-[15px] w-[15px]" />
-              <span>{t("mail.addFiles")}</span>
-              <input type="file" multiple onChange={handleFileUpload} className="hidden" />
-            </label>
-
-            {attachments.map((file) => (
-              <div
-                key={file.id}
-                className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-[10px] bg-dark-card px-3 py-2 text-[12.5px] text-slate-200 shadow-edge"
-              >
-                <Paperclip className="h-[15px] w-[15px] flex-none text-indigo-400" />
-                <span className="max-w-[160px] truncate">{file.name}</span>
-                <span className="text-[11px] text-slate-500">{(file.size / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB</span>
-                <button
-                  type="button"
-                  onClick={() => removeAttachment(file.id)}
-                  className="text-slate-400 transition-colors hover:text-rose-400"
-                  aria-label={t("common.delete")}
-                >
-                  <X className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
-                </button>
-              </div>
-            ))}
-
-            {/* Says so plainly rather than letting someone attach a contract
-                and watch it silently not arrive: /mail/send is handed the file
-                names only, because there is no upload endpoint behind this
-                picker yet. */}
-            {attachments.length > 0 && (
-              <span className="ml-auto text-[11.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-400">
-                {t("mail.attachmentsUnsupported")}
-              </span>
-            )}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-      </form>
-    </div>
+    <Composer
+      initial={params}
+      variant="page"
+      onSent={() => {
+        window.location.href = "/user/mail/sent";
+      }}
+      onDiscarded={() => {
+        window.location.href = "/user/mail/inbox";
+      }}
+    />
   );
 }
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx b/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00bfd81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+"use client";
+
+import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import {
+  Send,
+  Paperclip,
+  Bold,
+  Italic,
+  Underline,
+  Strikethrough,
+  List,
+  ListOrdered,
+  Link as LinkIcon,
+  Undo2,
+  X,
+  Sparkles,
+  CheckCircle2,
+  Flag,
+} from "lucide-react";
+import { useTranslations } from "../i18n/provider";
+import { Button } from "../components/ui/Button";
+import { notifyMailStateChanged } from "../lib/useFolders";
+import { signatureToHtml } from "../lib/signature";
+import { RecipientInput } from "../components/RecipientInput";
+import { parseAddress, parseAddressList, prefixSubject } from "../lib/recipients";
+
+/** Entries from a query-string list, which may be several addresses. */
+function entriesFrom(value: string | undefined): string[] {
+  return value ? parseAddressList(value).map((p) => p.entry) : [];
+}
+
+interface AttachedFile {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  size: number;
+  type: string;
+}
+
+export interface ComposerInitial {
+  replyTo?: string;
+  cc?: string;
+  subject?: string;
+  inReplyTo?: string;
+  mode?: string;
+  draft?: string;
+}
+
+interface ComposerProps {
+  initial?: ComposerInitial;
+  /**
+   * "page" is the full compose screen. "inline" is the reply written under the
+   * conversation it answers: no title, no subject row (a reply keeps its
+   * subject) and a shorter editor, so the messages stay in view above it.
+   */
+  variant?: "page" | "inline";
+  onSent: () => void;
+  onDiscarded: () => void;
+}
+
+export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: ComposerProps) {
+  const t = useTranslations();
+  const inline = variant === "inline";
+  const params = initial ?? {};
+
+  // Recipients are lists of entries, not one string to be split later: a
+  // reply-all arrives with several people already in To and Cc.
+  const [to, setTo] = useState<string[]>(() => entriesFrom(params?.replyTo));
+  const [cc, setCc] = useState<string[]>(() => entriesFrom(params?.cc));
+  const [bcc, setBcc] = useState<string[]>([]);
+  const [showCcBcc, setShowCcBcc] = useState(() => entriesFrom(params?.cc).length > 0);
+  const [subject, setSubject] = useState(
+    params?.subject ? prefixSubject(params.subject, params.mode === "forward" ? "forward" : "reply") : "",
+  );
+  // The Message-ID being answered, so the reply threads under it.
+  const [inReplyTo, setInReplyTo] = useState(params?.mode === "forward" ? "" : params?.inReplyTo || "");
+  const [important, setImportant] = useState(false);
+  const [attachments, setAttachments] = useState<AttachedFile[]>([]);
+  const [sending, setSending] = useState(false);
+  const [undoSeconds, setUndoSeconds] = useState<number | null>(null);
+  const [draftStatus, setDraftStatus] = useState<string>("");
+  const [discarding, setDiscarding] = useState(false);
+  const [sendError, setSendError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  // The UID of the draft already stored for this message. Sent back on each
+  // autosave so the server replaces it instead of leaving another copy.
+  const draftUidRef = useRef<number>(0);
+  // Set once the writer has discarded the message. An autosave already on its
+  // way when that happens would otherwise land afterwards and bring the draft
+  // back, so every save checks this before and after it talks to the server.
+  const discardedRef = useRef(false);
+
+  const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  // The body, mirrored into React state.
+  //
+  // It used to live only inside the contenteditable, read through the ref at
+  // save time. Nothing observed it, so the autosave effect - which depends on
+  // what it reads - never re-ran when the message itself was typed. The draft
+  // was written once, moments after the address was entered, and never again:
+  // that is why a draft left behind by a sent message was empty.
+  const [body, setBody] = useState("");
+
+  // An inline reply is opened to be written in, so the cursor starts in it.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (inline) editorRef.current?.focus();
+  }, [inline]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const savedSig = localStorage.getItem("lm_user_signature");
+    // signatureToHtml, not the raw value: the signature may be the plain text
+    // of the old field, whose newlines are whitespace once assigned as HTML -
+    // which is why every line break in a signature used to vanish here.
+    const signatureHtml = signatureToHtml(savedSig ?? "");
+    if (editorRef.current && signatureHtml) {
+      const initial = `<br/><br/>--<br/>${signatureHtml}`;
+      editorRef.current.innerHTML = initial;
+      setBody(initial);
+    }
+  }, []);
+
+  // Reopening a draft loads what was written into the composer, and adopts its
+  // UID so carrying on writing replaces that draft instead of leaving the old
+  // copy behind and starting a second one.
+  //
+  // Opening a draft used to land in the reader, which offered to reply to the
+  // half-written message and gave no way to finish it.
+  const draftParam = params?.draft;
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const uid = Number(draftParam);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(uid) || uid <= 0) return;
+
+    let cancelled = false;
+    void (async () => {
+      try {
+        const res = await fetch(`/api/v1/mail/message/${uid}?folder=drafts`, { cache: "no-store" });
+        if (!res.ok || cancelled) return;
+        const message = await res.json();
+        if (cancelled) return;
+
+        draftUidRef.current = uid;
+        setTo(message.to ?? []);
+        setCc(message.cc ?? []);
+        setImportant(Boolean(message.important));
+        setInReplyTo(message.in_reply_to ?? "");
+        if ((message.cc ?? []).length > 0) setShowCcBcc(true);
+        setSubject(message.subject ?? "");
+        const html = message.html || message.text || "";
+        if (editorRef.current) editorRef.current.innerHTML = html;
+        setBody(html);
+      } catch {
+        // A draft that cannot be loaded leaves an empty composer rather than
+        // a broken screen; the draft itself is untouched on the server.
+      }
+    })();
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, [draftParam]);
+
+  // Removes a stored draft for good. discard_draft is what keeps it out of
+  // Trash: an ordinary delete moves it there, and a draft sitting in Trash is
+  // not discarded.
+  const removeDraft = async (uid: number): Promise<boolean> => {
+    try {
+      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/delete", {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ folder: "drafts", uid, discard_draft: true }),
+      });
+      return res.ok;
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Saves the draft for real. This used to be a setTimeout that set the words
+  // "draft saved automatically" and nothing else - no request, no storage - so
+  // closing the tab lost the message while the screen had just said otherwise.
+  const saveDraft = useCallback(async () => {
+    if (discardedRef.current) return;
+    const html = editorRef.current?.innerHTML ?? body;
+    if (to.length === 0 && !subject && !body.trim() && !html.trim()) return;
+    setDraftStatus(t("mail.draftSaving"));
+    try {
+      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/draft", {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          to,
+          cc,
+          bcc,
+          subject,
+          html,
+          important,
+          in_reply_to: inReplyTo,
+          replace_uid: draftUidRef.current,
+        }),
+      });
+      if (res.ok) {
+        const data = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+        if (typeof data.uid === "number") draftUidRef.current = data.uid;
+        // Discarded while this save was in flight: what it just stored is a
+        // draft nobody wants, so it goes too.
+        if (discardedRef.current && draftUidRef.current > 0) {
+          void removeDraft(draftUidRef.current);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      setDraftStatus(res.ok ? t("mail.draftSaved") : t("mail.draftSaveFailed"));
+    } catch {
+      setDraftStatus(t("mail.draftSaveFailed"));
+    }
+  }, [to, cc, bcc, subject, body, important, inReplyTo, t]);
+
+  // Debounced so a draft is written after a pause in typing rather than on
+  // every keystroke. Skipped once the message is on its way out.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (sending) return;
+    // The body alone is enough: a message typed before its recipient is still
+    // worth keeping, and requiring an address here is half of why drafts were
+    // being stored with nothing in them.
+    if (to.length === 0 && !subject && !body.trim()) return;
+    const timer = setTimeout(() => void saveDraft(), 2500);
+    return () => clearTimeout(timer);
+  }, [to, subject, cc, bcc, body, important, sending, saveDraft]);
+
+  // Throws the message away: stops the autosave, removes the draft already
+  // stored for it, and only then leaves. Leaving first was the old behaviour -
+  // a link to the inbox - and left the draft in Drafts, as if nothing had
+  // been discarded.
+  const discardMessage = async () => {
+    discardedRef.current = true;
+    setDiscarding(true);
+    setSendError(null);
+    const uid = draftUidRef.current;
+    if (uid > 0 && !(await removeDraft(uid))) {
+      // Still there, so say so and let the autosave carry on rather than
+      // leaving the page with a draft the writer thinks is gone.
+      discardedRef.current = false;
+      setDiscarding(false);
+      setSendError(t("mail.discardFailed"));
+      return;
+    }
+    draftUidRef.current = 0;
+    notifyMailStateChanged();
+    onDiscarded();
+  };
+
+  const executeFormat = (command: string, value: string | undefined = undefined) => {
+    document.execCommand(command, false, value);
+    editorRef.current?.focus();
+    // execCommand edits the DOM directly, so the mirrored body is re-read
+    // here rather than relying on an input event that may not be dispatched.
+    setBody(editorRef.current?.innerHTML ?? "");
+  };
+
+  const handleFileUpload = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    if (!e.target.files) return;
+    const newFiles: AttachedFile[] = Array.from(e.target.files).map((f) => ({
+      id: Math.random().toString(36).substring(2, 9),
+      name: f.name,
+      size: f.size,
+      type: f.type || "application/octet-stream",
+    }));
+    setAttachments((prev) => [...prev, ...newFiles]);
+  };
+
+  const removeAttachment = (id: string) => {
+    setAttachments((prev) => prev.filter((a) => a.id !== id));
+  };
+
+  // Anything in a recipient field that is not an address. These stay on screen
+  // as red chips; sending with one would queue mail to a destination that
+  // cannot exist and report success.
+  const invalidRecipients = [...to, ...cc, ...bcc].filter((entry) => !parseAddress(entry).valid);
+  const hasRecipient = to.length + cc.length + bcc.length > 0;
+
+  const handleSend = async (e: React.FormEvent) => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    if (!hasRecipient) {
+      setSendError(t("mail.noRecipients"));
+      return;
+    }
+    if (invalidRecipients.length > 0) {
+      setSendError(t("mail.fixRecipients"));
+      setShowCcBcc(true);
+      return;
+    }
+    setSendError(null);
+    setSending(true);
+    setUndoSeconds(10);
+
+    const bodyHtml = editorRef.current?.innerHTML || body;
+
+    const interval = setInterval(() => {
+      setUndoSeconds((prev) => {
+        if (prev === null || prev <= 1) {
+          clearInterval(interval);
+          void sendActualMessage(bodyHtml);
+          return null;
+        }
+        return prev - 1;
+      });
+    }, 1000);
+  };
+
+  const sendActualMessage = async (htmlBody: string) => {
+    try {
+      const res = await fetch("/api/v1/mail/send", {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          to,
+          cc,
+          bcc,
+          subject,
+          html: htmlBody,
+          important,
+          in_reply_to: inReplyTo,
+          // The draft this message grew out of, so the server can discard it.
+          // Without this the draft outlived the message it became and sat in
+          // Drafts as a duplicate of mail already sent.
+          draft_uid: draftUidRef.current,
+        }),
+      });
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        // Reporting success on a refused send is how a message silently
+        // disappears: the composer used to navigate away regardless.
+        const data = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+        setSendError(data.message ?? t("errors.serverError"));
+        setSending(false);
+        return;
+      }
+      onSent();
+    } catch {
+      setSendError(t("errors.serverError"));
+      setSending(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const handleUndo = () => {
+    setUndoSeconds(null);
+    setSending(false);
+  };
+
+  /** One row of the compose sheet: a fixed-width label beside the control. */
+  const fieldRow = "flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-2 px-4 py-2.5 shadow-[inset_0_-1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]";
+  const fieldLabel = "w-14 flex-none text-[12.5px] leading-snug text-slate-400";
+  const bareInput =
+    "min-h-[30px] min-w-[160px] flex-1 border-0 bg-transparent text-sm text-slate-100 placeholder-slate-500 focus:outline-none";
+  const toolButton =
+    "flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-lg text-slate-300 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07] hover:text-slate-100";
+
+  return (
+    <div className={inline ? "" : "flex-1 overflow-y-auto bg-dark-bg px-5 pb-11 pt-7 sm:px-8"}>
+      <form
+        onSubmit={handleSend}
+        className={inline ? "flex w-full flex-col gap-3" : "mx-auto flex w-full max-w-[860px] flex-col gap-[18px]"}
+      >
+        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-end justify-between gap-4">
+          <div className="min-w-0">
+            {!inline && <h1 className="text-[25px] font-medium leading-tight text-slate-100">{t("mail.compose")}</h1>}
+            {draftStatus && (
+              <div className="mt-1 flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[12.5px] text-slate-400">
+                <CheckCircle2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5 flex-none text-indigo-500" />
+                {draftStatus}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => setImportant((v) => !v)}
+              aria-pressed={important}
+              disabled={sending}
+              title={t("mail.highImportanceHint")}
+              className={`inline-flex h-10 items-center gap-2 rounded-xl px-3.5 text-sm shadow-edge transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400 ${
+                important ? "bg-rose-900/70 text-rose-100" : "bg-dark-card text-slate-200 hover:bg-white/[0.07]"
+              }`}
+            >
+              <Flag className="h-4 w-4" fill={important ? "currentColor" : "none"} />
+              <span>{t("mail.highImportance")}</span>
+            </button>
+            <Button
+              type="button"
+              variant="secondary"
+              size="md"
+              disabled={sending || discarding}
+              onClick={() => void discardMessage()}
+            >
+              {t("mail.discard")}
+            </Button>
+            <Button type="submit" variant="primary" size="md" disabled={sending}>
+              <Send className="h-4 w-4" />
+              <span>{sending ? t("mail.sending") : t("mail.sendMessage")}</span>
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        {sendError && (
+          <div className="rounded-xl bg-rose-900/60 px-4 py-3 text-xs leading-relaxed text-rose-200 shadow-edge">
+            {sendError}
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {undoSeconds !== null && (
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between gap-3 rounded-xl bg-dark-card px-4 py-3 text-xs text-slate-200 shadow-edge">
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
+              <Sparkles className="h-4 w-4 flex-none animate-spin text-indigo-500" />
+              {/* The countdown is a placeholder inside the message, not text
+                  bolted on after it. It used to be both: the bundle's own
+                  "{seconds}" was never substituted and a second, hardcoded
+                  count was appended, so this read "Undo Send ({seconds}s
+                  remaining) (9s remaining)". */}
+              <span>{t("mail.undoSend", { seconds: undoSeconds })}</span>
+            </div>
+            <Button variant="primary" size="sm" onClick={handleUndo}>
+              <Undo2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
+              {t("mail.undoSendAction")}
+            </Button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+
+        {/* One sheet, the fields stacked as rows inside it, rather than a stack
+            of separately outlined inputs: the message is one object. */}
+        <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-dark-panel shadow-edge">
+          <div className={fieldRow}>
+            <label htmlFor="compose-to" className={fieldLabel}>
+              {t("ui.toRecipients")}
+            </label>
+            <RecipientInput
+              id="compose-to"
+              value={to}
+              onChange={setTo}
+              placeholder="recipient@example.com"
+              disabled={sending}
+              invalid={to.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
+            />
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => setShowCcBcc(!showCcBcc)}
+              className="flex-none rounded-lg px-2 py-1 text-[12.5px] text-indigo-500 transition-colors hover:bg-indigo-500/10"
+            >
+              {showCcBcc ? t("mail.hideCcBcc") : t("mail.showCcBcc")}
+            </button>
+          </div>
+
+          {showCcBcc && (
+            <>
+              <div className={fieldRow}>
+                <label htmlFor="compose-cc" className={fieldLabel}>
+                  {t("mail.ccLabel")}
+                </label>
+                <RecipientInput
+                  id="compose-cc"
+                  value={cc}
+                  onChange={setCc}
+                  placeholder="cc@domain.com"
+                  disabled={sending}
+                  invalid={cc.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
+                />
+              </div>
+              <div className={fieldRow}>
+                <label htmlFor="compose-bcc" className={fieldLabel}>
+                  {t("mail.bccLabel")}
+                </label>
+                <RecipientInput
+                  id="compose-bcc"
+                  value={bcc}
+                  onChange={setBcc}
+                  placeholder="bcc@domain.com"
+                  disabled={sending}
+                  invalid={bcc.some((e) => !parseAddress(e).valid)}
+                />
+              </div>
+            </>
+          )}
+
+          {!inline && (
+            <div className={fieldRow}>
+              <label htmlFor="compose-subject" className={fieldLabel}>
+                {t("ui.subject")}
+              </label>
+              <input
+                id="compose-subject"
+                type="text"
+                value={subject}
+                onChange={(e) => setSubject(e.target.value)}
+                placeholder={t("ui.subject")}
+                required
+                disabled={sending}
+                className={bareInput}
+              />
+            </div>
+          )}
+
+          {/* Formatting Toolbar */}
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-0.5 px-3 py-2 shadow-[inset_0_-1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]">
+            <button type="button" onClick={() => executeFormat("bold")} className={toolButton} title={t("mail.bold")}>
+              <Bold className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <button type="button" onClick={() => executeFormat("italic")} className={toolButton} title={t("mail.italic")}>
+              <Italic className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => executeFormat("underline")}
+              className={toolButton}
+              title={t("mail.underline")}
+            >
+              <Underline className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => executeFormat("strikeThrough")}
+              className={toolButton}
+              title={t("mail.strikethrough")}
+            >
+              <Strikethrough className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <span className="mx-1.5 h-[18px] w-px bg-white/[0.14]" />
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => executeFormat("insertUnorderedList")}
+              className={toolButton}
+              title={t("mail.bulletList")}
+            >
+              <List className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => executeFormat("insertOrderedList")}
+              className={toolButton}
+              title={t("mail.numberedList")}
+            >
+              <ListOrdered className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+            <span className="mx-1.5 h-[18px] w-px bg-white/[0.14]" />
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => {
+                const url = prompt(t("mail.insertUrl"));
+                if (url) executeFormat("createLink", url);
+              }}
+              className={`${toolButton} text-indigo-500`}
+              title={t("mail.insertLink")}
+            >
+              <LinkIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
+            </button>
+          </div>
+
+          <div
+            ref={editorRef}
+            contentEditable
+            suppressContentEditableWarning
+            onInput={(e) => setBody((e.target as HTMLDivElement).innerHTML)}
+            onBlur={(e) => setBody((e.target as HTMLDivElement).innerHTML)}
+            aria-label={t("ui.messageBody")}
+            role="textbox"
+            aria-multiline="true"
+            className={`${inline ? "min-h-[150px]" : "min-h-[280px]"} px-[22px] py-5 font-sans text-[14.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-200 focus:outline-none`}
+          />
+
+          {/* Attachment Selector & Display */}
+          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2.5 px-4 py-3.5 shadow-[inset_0_1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.07)]">
+            <label className="flex flex-none cursor-pointer items-center gap-2 rounded-[10px] border border-white/[0.14] px-3 py-2 text-[13px] text-slate-200 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07]">
+              <Paperclip className="h-[15px] w-[15px]" />
+              <span>{t("mail.addFiles")}</span>
+              <input type="file" multiple onChange={handleFileUpload} className="hidden" />
+            </label>
+
+            {attachments.map((file) => (
+              <div
+                key={file.id}
+                className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-[10px] bg-dark-card px-3 py-2 text-[12.5px] text-slate-200 shadow-edge"
+              >
+                <Paperclip className="h-[15px] w-[15px] flex-none text-indigo-400" />
+                <span className="max-w-[160px] truncate">{file.name}</span>
+                <span className="text-[11px] text-slate-500">{(file.size / 1024).toFixed(1)} KB</span>
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  onClick={() => removeAttachment(file.id)}
+                  className="text-slate-400 transition-colors hover:text-rose-400"
+                  aria-label={t("common.delete")}
+                >
+                  <X className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
+                </button>
+              </div>
+            ))}
+
+            {/* Says so plainly rather than letting someone attach a contract
+                and watch it silently not arrive: /mail/send is handed the file
+                names only, because there is no upload endpoint behind this
+                picker yet. */}
+            {attachments.length > 0 && (
+              <span className="ml-auto text-[11.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-400">
+                {t("mail.attachmentsUnsupported")}
+              </span>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </form>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts b/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
index 0eb95f5..d89619f 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
+++ b/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const code = (path: string) =>
     .replace(/\{\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\/\}/g, "")
     .replace(/^\s*\/\/.*$/gm, "");
 
-const COMPOSE = "src/app/(user)/user/compose/page.tsx";
+const COMPOSE = "src/components/Composer.tsx";
 const MAIL_PAGE = "src/app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx";
 
 describe("the draft a sent message leaves behind", () => {

From 20804893193d9beccfe74353829b6c39ce2a3e46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Rayan <lucas.guerra@pop-pe.rnp.br>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 16:46:11 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 4/5] feat(webmail): conversations - list, stacked reader,
 inline reply, settings switch

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .wolf/anatomy-index.json                      |  70 ++-
 .wolf/anatomy.md                              |   5 +-
 .wolf/memory.md                               |   1 +
 services/webmail/messages/en.json             |  16 +
 services/webmail/messages/es.json             |  16 +
 services/webmail/messages/pt-BR.json          |  16 +
 .../app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx    | 194 +++++-
 .../src/app/(user)/user/settings/page.tsx     |  20 +
 .../webmail/src/components/MessageFrame.tsx   |  45 ++
 .../webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx   | 590 ++++++++++++++++++
 services/webmail/src/conversations.test.ts    |  93 +++
 services/webmail/src/lib/conversations.ts     | 152 +++++
 services/webmail/src/lib/renderMessage.ts     |  34 +
 .../webmail/src/mail-state-integrity.test.ts  |  12 +-
 14 files changed, 1225 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/components/MessageFrame.tsx
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/conversations.test.ts
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/lib/conversations.ts
 create mode 100644 services/webmail/src/lib/renderMessage.ts

diff --git a/.wolf/anatomy-index.json b/.wolf/anatomy-index.json
index 3e83f4e..6e26c52 100644
--- a/.wolf/anatomy-index.json
+++ b/.wolf/anatomy-index.json
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {
   "version": 1,
   "meta": {
-    "lastScanned": "2026-10-22T17:41:17.634Z",
-    "fileCount": 439,
+    "lastScanned": "2026-10-22T19:44:13.602Z",
+    "fileCount": 440,
     "hits": 0,
     "misses": 0,
-    "renderedHash": "6ed8dc6b806503f41452e51121e5f78379f1c88655d4934d082d2aa065428b8c",
-    "storeUpdatedAt": "2026-10-22T17:41:17.650Z",
-    "rootHash": "098b934a6205dce4"
+    "renderedHash": "4c74546f856ca02c0dd5eeb8a90c610c161275126dc91d9fc7f169a6424d61d6",
+    "storeUpdatedAt": "2026-10-22T19:44:13.627Z",
+    "rootHash": "d8862ac30fea5b61"
   },
   "files": {
     ".github/workflows/ci.yml": {
@@ -19624,6 +19624,66 @@
           "tokens": 36
         }
       ]
+    },
+    "services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx": {
+      "description": "One message as the mail API returns it with its body.",
+      "tokens": 7350,
+      "hash": "54dad9430ffc2edb",
+      "size": 25722,
+      "mtimeMs": 1792698253418.4153,
+      "updatedAt": "2026-10-22T19:44:13.601Z",
+      "source": "hook",
+      "symbols": [
+        {
+          "name": "FullMessage",
+          "kind": "section",
+          "startLine": 39,
+          "endLine": 53,
+          "tokens": 74
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "MoveTarget",
+          "kind": "section",
+          "startLine": 54,
+          "endLine": 58,
+          "tokens": 17
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Trusted",
+          "kind": "section",
+          "startLine": 59,
+          "endLine": 64,
+          "tokens": 44
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Props",
+          "kind": "section",
+          "startLine": 65,
+          "endLine": 84,
+          "tokens": 314
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "splitSender",
+          "kind": "fn",
+          "startLine": 85,
+          "endLine": 90,
+          "tokens": 74
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "initialsOf",
+          "kind": "fn",
+          "startLine": 91,
+          "endLine": 96,
+          "tokens": 78
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "ThreadReader",
+          "kind": "fn",
+          "startLine": 97,
+          "endLine": 591,
+          "tokens": 6441
+        }
+      ]
     }
   },
   "preamble": [
diff --git a/.wolf/anatomy.md b/.wolf/anatomy.md
index 30de6cb..9ebeef2 100644
--- a/.wolf/anatomy.md
+++ b/.wolf/anatomy.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # anatomy.md
 
-> Auto-maintained by OpenWolf. Last scanned: 2026-10-22T17:41:17.634Z
-> Files: 439 tracked | Anatomy hits: 0 | Misses: 0
+> Auto-maintained by OpenWolf. Last scanned: 2026-10-22T19:44:13.602Z
+> Files: 440 tracked | Anatomy hits: 0 | Misses: 0
 
 > Project structure index. Auto-maintained by OpenWolf hooks and daemon.
 > Run `openwolf scan` to generate, or wait for the first Claude Code session.
@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@
 - `AvatarEditor.tsx` — The frame is square; the mask over it is what makes the photo a circle. (~2510 tok)
 - `MessageReader.tsx` — The document the body frame renders, or null for a text-only message. (~4736 tok)
 - `RecipientInput.tsx` — Entries as they will be sent: `Name <addr>` or a bare address. (~1486 tok)
+- `ThreadReader.tsx` — One message as the mail API returns it with its body. (~7350 tok)
 - `TotpEnrolment.tsx` — The scannable half of TOTP enrolment, shared by the webmail settings page and (~1644 tok)
 
 ## services/webmail/src/components/ui/
diff --git a/.wolf/memory.md b/.wolf/memory.md
index ad75938..964021f 100644
--- a/.wolf/memory.md
+++ b/.wolf/memory.md
@@ -31,3 +31,4 @@ description: chronological action log per session, consolidated weekly
 | Time | Action | File(s) | Outcome | ~Tokens |
 |------|--------|---------|---------|--------|
 | 14:41 | Created services/auth/src/accounts.ts | — | ~715 |
+| 16:44 | Created services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx | — | ~7350 |
diff --git a/services/webmail/messages/en.json b/services/webmail/messages/en.json
index 42b9f42..ebf1590 100644
--- a/services/webmail/messages/en.json
+++ b/services/webmail/messages/en.json
@@ -548,5 +548,21 @@
     "signOutAll": "Sign out of all accounts",
     "active": "Active",
     "settings": "Account settings"
+  },
+  "conversations": {
+    "conversationView": "Group mail into conversations",
+    "conversationViewHint": "Show a message and its replies together, and whether you have answered.",
+    "messagesInConversation": "{count} messages",
+    "youReplied": "You replied",
+    "notReplied": "Not answered yet",
+    "expandAll": "Expand all",
+    "collapseOlder": "Collapse older",
+    "loadingMessage": "Loading message…",
+    "replyBelow": "Reply",
+    "conversationEmpty": "This conversation is empty.",
+    "me": "me",
+    "draftDiscarded": "Reply discarded",
+    "sentReply": "Reply sent",
+    "moreMessages": "Show {count} earlier messages"
   }
 }
diff --git a/services/webmail/messages/es.json b/services/webmail/messages/es.json
index 6e66db1..3adcd61 100644
--- a/services/webmail/messages/es.json
+++ b/services/webmail/messages/es.json
@@ -548,5 +548,21 @@
     "signOutAll": "Cerrar sesión en todas las cuentas",
     "active": "Activa",
     "settings": "Ajustes de la cuenta"
+  },
+  "conversations": {
+    "conversationView": "Agrupar el correo en conversaciones",
+    "conversationViewHint": "Muestra un mensaje y sus respuestas juntos, y si ya respondiste.",
+    "messagesInConversation": "{count} mensajes",
+    "youReplied": "Respondiste",
+    "notReplied": "Aún sin responder",
+    "expandAll": "Expandir todo",
+    "collapseOlder": "Contraer anteriores",
+    "loadingMessage": "Cargando mensaje…",
+    "replyBelow": "Responder",
+    "conversationEmpty": "Esta conversación está vacía.",
+    "me": "yo",
+    "draftDiscarded": "Respuesta descartada",
+    "sentReply": "Respuesta enviada",
+    "moreMessages": "Mostrar {count} mensajes anteriores"
   }
 }
diff --git a/services/webmail/messages/pt-BR.json b/services/webmail/messages/pt-BR.json
index c03ef86..9b35718 100644
--- a/services/webmail/messages/pt-BR.json
+++ b/services/webmail/messages/pt-BR.json
@@ -548,5 +548,21 @@
     "signOutAll": "Sair de todas as contas",
     "active": "Ativa",
     "settings": "Configurações da conta"
+  },
+  "conversations": {
+    "conversationView": "Agrupar e-mails em conversas",
+    "conversationViewHint": "Mostra uma mensagem e as respostas juntas, e se você já respondeu.",
+    "messagesInConversation": "{count} mensagens",
+    "youReplied": "Você respondeu",
+    "notReplied": "Ainda não respondida",
+    "expandAll": "Expandir tudo",
+    "collapseOlder": "Recolher anteriores",
+    "loadingMessage": "Carregando mensagem…",
+    "replyBelow": "Responder",
+    "conversationEmpty": "Esta conversa está vazia.",
+    "me": "eu",
+    "draftDiscarded": "Resposta descartada",
+    "sentReply": "Resposta enviada",
+    "moreMessages": "Mostrar {count} mensagens anteriores"
   }
 }
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx
index 3fc8d20..81bd696 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx
+++ b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/mail/[folder]/page.tsx
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   Clock,
   RefreshCw,
   Trash2,
+  CornerUpLeft,
 } from "lucide-react";
 import { useI18n } from "../../../../../i18n/provider";
 import { useMailEvents } from "../../../../../lib/useMailEvents";
@@ -27,10 +28,16 @@ import {
   moveTargets,
   type ListFilter,
 } from "../../../../../lib/mailCounts";
-import { sanitizeEmailHtml, blockRemoteImages, unblockRemoteImages } from "../../../../../lib/sanitizer";
 import { plainSnippet } from "../../../../../lib/snippet";
 import { useTrustedSenders } from "../../../../../lib/trustedSenders";
-import { resolveInlineImages, buildReaderDocument, type InlineImages } from "../../../../../lib/emailBody";
+import type { InlineImages } from "../../../../../lib/emailBody";
+import { messageDocument, hasBlockedRemoteContent } from "../../../../../lib/renderMessage";
+import {
+  participantsLine,
+  useConversationView,
+  type ThreadParticipant,
+  type ThreadSummary,
+} from "../../../../../lib/conversations";
 import { Button } from "../../../../../components/ui/Button";
 import {
   clampListWidth,
@@ -40,6 +47,7 @@ import {
 } from "../../../../../lib/paneWidth";
 import { useAccount } from "../../../../../lib/useAccount";
 import { MessageReader } from "../../../../../components/MessageReader";
+import { ThreadReader } from "../../../../../components/ThreadReader";
 import { Avatar } from "../../../../../components/Avatar";
 
 interface MessageSummary {
@@ -55,6 +63,34 @@ interface MessageSummary {
   flagged: boolean;
   spam_verdict: string;
   dmarc_result: string;
+  // Present when the list is showing conversations: the row is then a whole
+  // conversation, and uid is its newest message in this folder.
+  thread_id?: string;
+  message_count?: number;
+  answered?: boolean;
+  participants?: ThreadParticipant[];
+}
+
+/** A conversation row in the shape the list already knows how to draw. */
+function rowFromThread(thread: ThreadSummary): MessageSummary {
+  return {
+    uid: thread.uid,
+    subject: thread.subject,
+    sender_address: thread.sender_address,
+    from_display_name: thread.from_display_name,
+    snippet: thread.snippet,
+    size_bytes: 0,
+    received_at: thread.received_at,
+    has_attachments: thread.has_attachments,
+    seen: thread.seen,
+    flagged: thread.flagged,
+    spam_verdict: "",
+    dmarc_result: "",
+    thread_id: thread.thread_id,
+    message_count: thread.message_count,
+    answered: thread.answered,
+    participants: thread.participants,
+  };
 }
 
 interface RenderedMessage {
@@ -121,6 +157,10 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
 
   const [messages, setMessages] = useState<MessageSummary[]>([]);
   const [selected, setSelected] = useState<RenderedMessage | null>(null);
+  // The open conversation, when the list is showing conversations.
+  const [selectedThread, setSelectedThread] = useState<MessageSummary | null>(null);
+  const conversations = useConversationView();
+  const conversationMode = conversations.enabled;
   const [loadRemoteImages, setLoadRemoteImages] = useState(false);
   // The senders this account trusts, kept on the server so the decision
   // follows the account to every browser and also reaches the spam filter.
@@ -163,25 +203,38 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
   const actions = readerActions(folder);
 
   const loadMessages = useCallback(
-    async (search: string) => {
-      setLoading(true);
+    async (search: string, { quiet = false }: { quiet?: boolean } = {}) => {
+      // A quiet reload refreshes what is shown without the spinner, for the
+      // changes the reader itself made.
+      if (!quiet) setLoading(true);
       setError(null);
       try {
         const query = new URLSearchParams({ folder, ...(search ? { q: search } : {}) });
-        const res = await fetch(`/api/v1/mail/messages?${query}`, { cache: "no-store" });
+        const res = await fetch(`/api/v1/mail/${conversationMode ? "threads" : "messages"}?${query}`, {
+          cache: "no-store",
+        });
         if (res.status === 401) {
           window.location.href = "/user/login";
           return;
         }
+        // A server that has no conversations falls back to the plain list
+        // rather than showing an empty folder.
+        if (res.status === 501 && conversationMode) {
+          void conversations.setEnabled(false);
+          return;
+        }
         if (!res.ok) throw new Error(t("errors.serverError"));
-        setMessages(await res.json());
+        const data = await res.json();
+        setMessages(conversationMode ? (data as ThreadSummary[]).map(rowFromThread) : data);
       } catch (err) {
         setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t("errors.serverError"));
       } finally {
         setLoading(false);
       }
     },
-    [folder, t]
+    // conversations.setEnabled is stable enough for this one call
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [folder, t, conversationMode]
   );
 
   useMailEvents(
@@ -199,9 +252,18 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
   // separate mount effect as well meant every folder change fired two requests
   // and the later one could be the stale answer.
   useEffect(() => {
+    // Waits for the account's answer on how to list, or the folder would load
+    // one way and immediately reload the other.
+    if (!conversations.ready) return;
     const handle = setTimeout(() => void loadMessages(searchQuery), searchQuery ? 250 : 0);
     return () => clearTimeout(handle);
-  }, [searchQuery, loadMessages]);
+  }, [searchQuery, loadMessages, conversations.ready]);
+
+  // Changing between the two lists closes whatever was open in the other.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setSelected(null);
+    setSelectedThread(null);
+  }, [conversationMode, folder]);
 
   // The reader frame reports its own height; nothing outside a sandboxed frame
   // can measure it.
@@ -302,6 +364,39 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
     [folder, t, loadMessages, searchQuery]
   );
 
+  /** Deletes every message a conversation row stands for in this folder. */
+  const deleteConversationRow = useCallback(
+    async (row: MessageSummary) => {
+      setMessages((current) => current.filter((m) => m.thread_id !== row.thread_id));
+      setSelectedThread((current) => (current?.thread_id === row.thread_id ? null : current));
+      try {
+        const res = await fetch(
+          `/api/v1/mail/thread/${encodeURIComponent(row.thread_id ?? "")}?folder=${encodeURIComponent(folder)}`,
+          { cache: "no-store" },
+        );
+        if (!res.ok) throw new Error(t("errors.serverError"));
+        const infos: { uid: number; folder: string }[] = await res.json();
+        await Promise.all(
+          infos
+            .filter((m) => m.folder.toLowerCase() === folder.toLowerCase())
+            .map((m) =>
+              fetch("/api/v1/mail/delete", {
+                method: "POST",
+                headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+                body: JSON.stringify({ folder, uid: m.uid }),
+              }),
+            ),
+        );
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t("errors.serverError"));
+        void loadMessages(searchQuery);
+      } finally {
+        notifyMailStateChanged();
+      }
+    },
+    [folder, t, loadMessages, searchQuery],
+  );
+
   /** Files one message into another folder. */
   const moveMessage = useCallback(
     async (uid: number, target: string) => {
@@ -332,6 +427,14 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
       router.push(`/user/compose?draft=${uid}`);
       return;
     }
+    if (conversationMode) {
+      const row = messages.find((m) => m.uid === uid);
+      if (row?.thread_id) {
+        setSelected(null);
+        setSelectedThread(row);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
     setLoadRemoteImages(false);
     setReaderHeight(420);
     try {
@@ -357,6 +460,7 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
     searching: searchQuery.trim().length > 0,
   });
   const selectedRow = messages.find((m) => m.uid === selected?.uid);
+  const reading = Boolean(selected || selectedThread);
   const senderTrusted = selected ? trustedSenders.isTrusted(selected.from ?? "") : false;
 
   /**
@@ -368,27 +472,15 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
    */
   const readerDocument = useMemo(() => {
     if (!selected) return null;
-    if (!selected.html) return null;
-    const sanitized = sanitizeEmailHtml(selected.html);
-    if (!sanitized) return null;
-    const withInline = resolveInlineImages(sanitized, selected.inline_images ?? {});
     // A trusted sender's images load without asking; anyone else's wait for
     // the reader's choice, one message at a time.
     const showImages = loadRemoteImages || trustedSenders.isTrusted(selected.from ?? "");
-    const body = showImages ? unblockRemoteImages(withInline) : blockRemoteImages(withInline);
-    return buildReaderDocument(body);
+    return messageDocument(selected, showImages);
   }, [selected, loadRemoteImages, trustedSenders]);
 
   // Whether anything was actually held back, so the privacy banner is not shown
   // over a message that has no remote content at all.
-  const hasBlockedContent = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!selected?.html) return false;
-    const sanitized = resolveInlineImages(
-      sanitizeEmailHtml(selected.html),
-      selected.inline_images ?? {}
-    );
-    return blockRemoteImages(sanitized) !== sanitized;
-  }, [selected]);
+  const hasBlockedContent = useMemo(() => (selected ? hasBlockedRemoteContent(selected) : false), [selected]);
 
   const chips: { key: ListFilter; label: string; count: number }[] = [
     { key: null, label: t("mail.allMessages"), count: header.count },
@@ -416,7 +508,7 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
       {/* Messages List Column */}
       <div
         style={{ "--list-w": `${listWidth}px` } as React.CSSProperties}
-        className={`${selected ? "hidden md:flex" : "flex"} w-full flex-col bg-dark-bg md:w-[var(--list-w)] md:flex-none`}
+        className={`${reading ? "hidden md:flex" : "flex"} w-full flex-col bg-dark-bg md:w-[var(--list-w)] md:flex-none`}
       >
         {/* Folder heading, with the counts that belong to the folder rather
             than to the page of it that happens to be loaded. */}
@@ -494,7 +586,7 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
             </div>
           ) : (
             filteredMessages.map((msg) => {
-              const isSelected = selected?.uid === msg.uid;
+              const isSelected = msg.thread_id ? selectedThread?.thread_id === msg.thread_id : selected?.uid === msg.uid;
               return (
                 /* The row and its delete control are siblings inside a
                    positioned wrapper rather than nested: a button inside a
@@ -524,8 +616,24 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
                           msg.seen ? "text-slate-300" : "text-slate-100"
                         }`}
                       >
-                        {msg.from_display_name || msg.sender_address}
+                        {msg.participants && msg.participants.length > 0
+                          ? participantsLine(msg.participants, t("conversations.me"))
+                          : msg.from_display_name || msg.sender_address}
                       </span>
+                      {msg.message_count && msg.message_count > 1 ? (
+                        <span
+                          className="flex-none text-[11.5px] tabular-nums text-slate-500"
+                          title={t("conversations.messagesInConversation", { count: msg.message_count })}
+                        >
+                          {msg.message_count}
+                        </span>
+                      ) : null}
+                      {msg.answered && (
+                        <CornerUpLeft
+                          className="h-3 w-3 flex-none text-emerald-300"
+                          aria-label={t("conversations.youReplied")}
+                        />
+                      )}
                       <span className="ml-auto flex-none text-[11px] tabular-nums text-slate-500">
                         {listTimestamp(msg.received_at, locale)}
                       </span>
@@ -578,7 +686,7 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
                     reading in it, and no other way to get rid of it. */}
                 <button
                   type="button"
-                  onClick={() => void deleteMessage(msg.uid)}
+                  onClick={() => void (msg.thread_id ? deleteConversationRow(msg) : deleteMessage(msg.uid))}
                   title={t("common.delete")}
                   aria-label={t("common.delete")}
                   className="absolute right-2 top-2 hidden h-7 w-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md text-slate-400 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.09] hover:text-slate-100 focus:flex focus-visible:flex group-hover:flex"
@@ -633,9 +741,39 @@ export default function MailFolderPage({ params }: { params: Promise<{ folder: s
       </div>
 
       {/* Message Reader Column */}
-      <div className={`${selected ? "flex" : "hidden md:flex"} min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-dark-bg`}>
+      <div className={`${reading ? "flex" : "hidden md:flex"} min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col overflow-hidden bg-dark-bg`}>
         <AnimatePresence mode="wait">
-          {selected ? (
+          {selectedThread ? (
+            <ThreadReader
+              key={selectedThread.thread_id}
+              thread={{
+                thread_id: selectedThread.thread_id ?? "",
+                uid: selectedThread.uid,
+                subject: selectedThread.subject,
+                sender_address: selectedThread.sender_address,
+                from_display_name: selectedThread.from_display_name,
+                snippet: selectedThread.snippet,
+                received_at: selectedThread.received_at,
+                has_attachments: selectedThread.has_attachments,
+                message_count: selectedThread.message_count ?? 1,
+                unseen_count: selectedThread.seen ? 0 : 1,
+                seen: selectedThread.seen,
+                flagged: selectedThread.flagged,
+                answered: Boolean(selectedThread.answered),
+                participants: selectedThread.participants ?? [],
+              }}
+              folder={folder}
+              ownAddress={account?.email ?? ""}
+              trusted={trustedSenders}
+              moveTargets={moveTargets(folders, folder).map((target) => ({
+                name: target.name,
+                label: FOLDER_LABELS[(target.special_use || target.name).toLowerCase()] ?? target.name,
+              }))}
+              deleteIsPermanent={actions.deleteIsPermanent}
+              onClose={() => setSelectedThread(null)}
+              onChanged={() => void loadMessages(searchQuery, { quiet: true })}
+            />
+          ) : selected ? (
             <MessageReader
               key={selected.uid}
               message={selected}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/settings/page.tsx b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/settings/page.tsx
index 2e8bdfb..f877467 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/settings/page.tsx
+++ b/services/webmail/src/app/(user)/user/settings/page.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import { useFolders } from "../../../../lib/useFolders";
 import { AvatarEditor } from "../../../../components/AvatarEditor";
 import { bumpAvatar } from "../../../../lib/avatarVersion";
 import { useAccount } from "../../../../lib/useAccount";
+import { useConversationView } from "../../../../lib/conversations";
 import { moveTargets } from "../../../../lib/mailCounts";
 
 interface SieveRule {
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ export default function UserSettingsPage() {
   const [vacationSaved, setVacationSaved] = useState(false);
 
   const [signature, setSignature] = useState("");
+  const conversationView = useConversationView();
   const signatureRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
 
   // execCommand edits the DOM directly, so the mirrored value is re-read here
@@ -989,6 +991,24 @@ export default function UserSettingsPage() {
             <div className="max-w-[280px]">
               <LanguageSwitcher />
             </div>
+
+            {/* How the list is read, which belongs with how it is shown. */}
+            <label className="flex max-w-[560px] cursor-pointer items-start gap-3 rounded-xl bg-dark-card p-3.5 shadow-edge">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                role="switch"
+                checked={conversationView.enabled}
+                disabled={!conversationView.ready}
+                onChange={(e) => void conversationView.setEnabled(e.target.checked)}
+                className="mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 flex-none accent-indigo-500"
+              />
+              <span className="min-w-0">
+                <span className="block text-[13.5px] text-slate-100">{t("conversations.conversationView")}</span>
+                <span className="mt-0.5 block text-[12.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-400">
+                  {t("conversations.conversationViewHint")}
+                </span>
+              </span>
+            </label>
           </section>
         )}
       </div>
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/components/MessageFrame.tsx b/services/webmail/src/components/MessageFrame.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..344f2e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/components/MessageFrame.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"use client";
+
+import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { useTranslations } from "../i18n/provider";
+
+/**
+ * One message body in its sandboxed frame, sized to its own content.
+ *
+ * Several of these sit on one page when a conversation is open, and every frame
+ * reports its height the same way, so a report is only taken from the frame
+ * that sent it. The sandbox has no allow-same-origin: the frame stays on an
+ * opaque origin and can read nothing of this page.
+ */
+export function MessageFrame({ document: html }: { document: string }) {
+  const t = useTranslations();
+  const frame = useRef<HTMLIFrameElement>(null);
+  const [height, setHeight] = useState(160);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onMessage = (event: MessageEvent) => {
+      if (event.source !== frame.current?.contentWindow) return;
+      const data = event.data as { type?: string; height?: number } | null;
+      if (data?.type !== "lm:reader-height" || typeof data.height !== "number") return;
+      // Clamped so a message that reports something absurd cannot produce a
+      // frame kilometres tall or one collapsed to nothing.
+      setHeight(Math.min(20000, Math.max(80, Math.ceil(data.height))));
+    };
+    window.addEventListener("message", onMessage);
+    return () => window.removeEventListener("message", onMessage);
+  }, []);
+
+  return (
+    <div className="overflow-hidden rounded-xl bg-white shadow-edge">
+      <iframe
+        ref={frame}
+        title={t("ui.messageBody")}
+        srcDoc={html}
+        sandbox="allow-scripts allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox"
+        referrerPolicy="no-referrer"
+        style={{ height: `${height}px` }}
+        className="block w-full border-0"
+      />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx b/services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fc74a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/components/ThreadReader.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+"use client";
+
+import React, { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from "react";
+import { motion } from "framer-motion";
+import {
+  ArrowLeft,
+  ChevronDown,
+  CornerUpLeft,
+  Download,
+  FolderInput,
+  Forward,
+  Image as ImageIcon,
+  MailOpen,
+  Reply,
+  ReplyAll,
+  ShieldCheck,
+  Trash2,
+  X,
+} from "lucide-react";
+import Link from "next/link";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n/provider";
+import { Avatar } from "./Avatar";
+import { Composer, type ComposerInitial } from "./Composer";
+import { MessageFrame } from "./MessageFrame";
+import {
+  initiallyOpen,
+  messageKey,
+  replyTarget,
+  type ThreadMessageInfo,
+  type ThreadSummary,
+} from "../lib/conversations";
+import { hasBlockedRemoteContent, messageDocument } from "../lib/renderMessage";
+import { offersReplyAll, replyAllRecipients, replyRecipients } from "../lib/recipients";
+import { plainSnippet } from "../lib/snippet";
+import { notifyMailStateChanged } from "../lib/useFolders";
+import type { InlineImages } from "../lib/emailBody";
+
+/** One message as the mail API returns it with its body. */
+interface FullMessage {
+  uid: number;
+  subject: string;
+  from: string;
+  to: string[];
+  cc: string[];
+  date: string;
+  text: string;
+  html: string;
+  attachments: string[];
+  message_id?: string;
+  important?: boolean;
+  inline_images: InlineImages;
+}
+
+interface MoveTarget {
+  name: string;
+  label: string;
+}
+
+interface Trusted {
+  isTrusted: (from: string) => boolean;
+  trust: (from: string) => Promise<boolean>;
+  revoke: (from: string) => Promise<boolean>;
+}
+
+interface Props {
+  thread: ThreadSummary;
+  folder: string;
+  ownAddress: string;
+  trusted: Trusted;
+  moveTargets: MoveTarget[];
+  deleteIsPermanent: boolean;
+  onClose: () => void;
+  /** Something changed that the list and the badges should show. */
+  onChanged: () => void;
+}
+
+const commandClass =
+  "inline-flex h-10 min-w-10 items-center justify-center gap-1.5 rounded-lg px-2.5 text-[13px] text-slate-200 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07] focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400 md:px-3";
+const infoLinkClass =
+  "rounded-md px-1.5 py-1 text-[12.5px] font-medium text-indigo-300 transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07] focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400";
+const replyButtonClass =
+  "inline-flex h-10 items-center gap-2 rounded-xl px-4 text-[13.5px] text-slate-200 shadow-[inset_0_0_0_1px_rgba(233,233,237,0.18)] transition-colors hover:bg-white/[0.07] focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400";
+
+/** The name and address in a header like `Jenny <jenny@x.test>`. */
+function splitSender(from: string): { name: string; address: string } {
+  const match = from.match(/^\s*"?([^"<]*?)"?\s*<([^>]+)>\s*$/);
+  if (match) return { name: match[1].trim(), address: match[2].trim() };
+  return { name: "", address: from.trim() };
+}
+
+function initialsOf(name: string, address: string): string {
+  const source = (name || address || "?").trim();
+  const parts = source.replace(/[<>"]/g, "").split(/[\s.@_-]+/).filter(Boolean);
+  return (parts.slice(0, 2).map((p) => p[0]).join("") || "?").toUpperCase();
+}
+
+export function ThreadReader(props: Props) {
+  const { thread, folder, ownAddress, trusted } = props;
+  const { t, locale } = useI18n();
+
+  const [infos, setInfos] = useState<ThreadMessageInfo[] | null>(null);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [open, setOpen] = useState<Set<string>>(new Set());
+  const [bodies, setBodies] = useState<Record<string, FullMessage | "error">>({});
+  // Images shown for this message only, by the reader's choice; a trusted
+  // sender's are shown without one.
+  const [imagesOnce, setImagesOnce] = useState<Set<string>>(new Set());
+  const [reply, setReply] = useState<{ nonce: number; initial: ComposerInitial } | null>(null);
+  const [moveOpen, setMoveOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [busy, setBusy] = useState(false);
+
+  const fetching = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set());
+  const replyAnchor = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const loadedFor = useRef<string>("");
+
+  const load = useCallback(
+    async (initial: boolean) => {
+      try {
+        const res = await fetch(
+          `/api/v1/mail/thread/${encodeURIComponent(thread.thread_id)}?folder=${encodeURIComponent(folder)}`,
+          { cache: "no-store" },
+        );
+        if (res.status === 401) {
+          window.location.href = "/user/login";
+          return;
+        }
+        if (!res.ok) throw new Error(t("errors.serverError"));
+        const data: ThreadMessageInfo[] = await res.json();
+        setInfos(data);
+        setError(null);
+        setOpen((current) => {
+          if (initial) return initiallyOpen(data);
+          // After sending, the new message is the one to see.
+          const next = new Set(current);
+          if (data.length > 0) next.add(messageKey(data[data.length - 1]));
+          return next;
+        });
+      } catch (err) {
+        setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t("errors.serverError"));
+      }
+    },
+    [thread.thread_id, folder, t],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (loadedFor.current === thread.thread_id) return;
+    loadedFor.current = thread.thread_id;
+    setInfos(null);
+    setBodies({});
+    setImagesOnce(new Set());
+    setReply(null);
+    fetching.current = new Set();
+    void load(true);
+  }, [thread.thread_id, load]);
+
+  /** Fetches one message's body. Opening it is also what marks it read. */
+  const fetchBody = useCallback(
+    async (info: ThreadMessageInfo): Promise<FullMessage | null> => {
+      const key = messageKey(info);
+      if (fetching.current.has(key)) return null;
+      fetching.current.add(key);
+      try {
+        const res = await fetch(
+          `/api/v1/mail/message/${info.uid}?folder=${encodeURIComponent(info.folder)}`,
+          { cache: "no-store" },
+        );
+        if (!res.ok) throw new Error("fetch");
+        const full: FullMessage = await res.json();
+        setBodies((current) => ({ ...current, [key]: full }));
+        if (!info.seen) {
+          setInfos((current) =>
+            current ? current.map((m) => (messageKey(m) === key ? { ...m, seen: true } : m)) : current,
+          );
+          notifyMailStateChanged();
+          props.onChanged();
+        }
+        return full;
+      } catch {
+        setBodies((current) => ({ ...current, [key]: "error" }));
+        return null;
+      } finally {
+        fetching.current.delete(key);
+      }
+    },
+    // onChanged is a fresh closure each render; the fetch must not depend on it.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    [],
+  );
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!infos) return;
+    for (const info of infos) {
+      const key = messageKey(info);
+      if (open.has(key) && !bodies[key]) void fetchBody(info);
+    }
+  }, [infos, open, bodies, fetchBody]);
+
+  const toggle = (info: ThreadMessageInfo) => {
+    const key = messageKey(info);
+    setOpen((current) => {
+      const next = new Set(current);
+      if (next.has(key)) next.delete(key);
+      else next.add(key);
+      return next;
+    });
+  };
+
+  const inThisFolder = useMemo(
+    () => (infos ?? []).filter((m) => m.folder.toLowerCase() === folder.toLowerCase()),
+    [infos, folder],
+  );
+
+  /** Runs one request per message of the conversation that sits in this folder. */
+  const forEachHere = async (path: string, extra: (m: ThreadMessageInfo) => Record<string, unknown>) => {
+    setBusy(true);
+    try {
+      await Promise.all(
+        inThisFolder.map((m) =>
+          fetch(path, {
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+            body: JSON.stringify({ folder, uid: m.uid, ...extra(m) }),
+          }),
+        ),
+      );
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false);
+      notifyMailStateChanged();
+      props.onChanged();
+    }
+  };
+
+  const deleteThread = async () => {
+    await forEachHere("/api/v1/mail/delete", () => ({}));
+    props.onClose();
+  };
+  const moveThread = async (target: string) => {
+    setMoveOpen(false);
+    await forEachHere("/api/v1/mail/move", () => ({ target }));
+    props.onClose();
+  };
+  const markUnread = async () => {
+    const newest = inThisFolder[inThisFolder.length - 1];
+    if (!newest) return;
+    setBusy(true);
+    try {
+      await fetch("/api/v1/mail/seen", {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+        body: JSON.stringify({ folder, uid: newest.uid, seen: false }),
+      });
+    } finally {
+      setBusy(false);
+      notifyMailStateChanged();
+      props.onChanged();
+    }
+    props.onClose();
+  };
+
+  /** Opens the reply under the conversation, addressed from the message it answers. */
+  const startReply = async (mode: "reply" | "replyAll") => {
+    if (!infos) return;
+    const target = replyTarget(infos);
+    if (!target) return;
+    const key = messageKey(target);
+    const full = (bodies[key] && bodies[key] !== "error" ? (bodies[key] as FullMessage) : null) ?? (await fetchBody(target));
+    if (!full) return;
+    const recipients =
+      mode === "replyAll" ? replyAllRecipients(full, ownAddress) : replyRecipients(full, ownAddress);
+    setReply({
+      nonce: Date.now(),
+      initial: {
+        mode,
+        subject: full.subject,
+        replyTo: recipients.to.join(", "),
+        cc: recipients.cc.join(", "),
+        inReplyTo: full.message_id ?? "",
+      },
+    });
+    setTimeout(() => replyAnchor.current?.scrollIntoView({ behavior: "smooth", block: "end" }), 50);
+  };
+
+  const lastIncoming = infos ? replyTarget(infos) : null;
+  const canReplyAll = (() => {
+    if (!lastIncoming) return false;
+    const full = bodies[messageKey(lastIncoming)];
+    return full && full !== "error" ? offersReplyAll(full, ownAddress) : false;
+  })();
+  const waitingOnMe = infos && infos.length > 0 && !infos[infos.length - 1].own;
+  const iReplied = lastIncoming ? lastIncoming.answered : false;
+
+  const dateText = (iso: string, long: boolean) => {
+    const d = new Date(iso);
+    if (Number.isNaN(d.getTime())) return "";
+    return long
+      ? d.toLocaleString(locale, { weekday: "short", day: "numeric", month: "short", year: "numeric", hour: "2-digit", minute: "2-digit" })
+      : d.toLocaleDateString(locale, { day: "numeric", month: "short" });
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <motion.article
+      initial={{ opacity: 0 }}
+      animate={{ opacity: 1 }}
+      exit={{ opacity: 0 }}
+      className="flex min-h-0 flex-1 flex-col"
+      aria-label={thread.subject}
+    >
+      {/* The commands that apply to the whole conversation. */}
+      <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-0.5 px-2 py-1.5 shadow-[inset_0_-1px_0_0_rgba(233,233,237,0.09)] sm:px-4">
+        <button type="button" onClick={props.onClose} className={`${commandClass} md:hidden`} aria-label={t("mail.backToList")}>
+          <ArrowLeft className="h-4 w-4" />
+        </button>
+        <button type="button" onClick={() => void startReply("reply")} disabled={!infos} className={commandClass}>
+          <Reply className="h-4 w-4" />
+          <span className="hidden sm:inline">{t("mail.reply")}</span>
+        </button>
+        {canReplyAll && (
+          <button type="button" onClick={() => void startReply("replyAll")} className={commandClass}>
+            <ReplyAll className="h-4 w-4" />
+            <span className="hidden sm:inline">{t("mail.replyAll")}</span>
+          </button>
+        )}
+        <span className="mx-1 hidden h-5 w-px bg-white/10 sm:block" />
+        <button type="button" onClick={() => void deleteThread()} disabled={busy || inThisFolder.length === 0} className={commandClass}>
+          <Trash2 className="h-4 w-4" />
+          <span className="hidden lg:inline">{props.deleteIsPermanent ? t("mail.deleteForever") : t("common.delete")}</span>
+        </button>
+        {props.moveTargets.length > 0 && (
+          <div className="relative">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              onClick={() => setMoveOpen((v) => !v)}
+              aria-haspopup="menu"
+              aria-expanded={moveOpen}
+              className={commandClass}
+            >
+              <FolderInput className="h-4 w-4" />
+              <span className="hidden lg:inline">{t("mail.moveTo")}</span>
+              <ChevronDown className="h-3 w-3" />
+            </button>
+            {moveOpen && (
+              <div role="menu" className="absolute left-0 top-full z-30 mt-1 min-w-[180px] rounded-xl bg-dark-panel p-1.5 shadow-edge ring-1 ring-white/10">
+                {props.moveTargets.map((target) => (
+                  <button
+                    key={target.name}
+                    role="menuitem"
+                    type="button"
+                    onClick={() => void moveThread(target.name)}
+                    className="flex w-full items-center rounded-lg px-2.5 py-2 text-left text-[13px] text-slate-200 hover:bg-white/[0.07]"
+                  >
+                    {target.label}
+                  </button>
+                ))}
+              </div>
+            )}
+          </div>
+        )}
+        <button type="button" onClick={() => void markUnread()} disabled={busy} className={commandClass}>
+          <MailOpen className="h-4 w-4" />
+          <span className="hidden xl:inline">{t("mail.markUnread")}</span>
+        </button>
+        <button type="button" onClick={props.onClose} className={`${commandClass} ml-auto hidden md:inline-flex`} aria-label={t("mail.backToList")}>
+          <X className="h-4 w-4" />
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      <div className="min-h-0 flex-1 overflow-y-auto">
+        <div className="mx-auto flex w-full max-w-[1000px] flex-col gap-3 px-4 pb-10 pt-5 sm:px-7 2xl:max-w-[1140px]">
+          <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+            <h1 className="text-[19px] font-semibold leading-snug tracking-[-0.01em] text-slate-100 [overflow-wrap:anywhere] [text-wrap:pretty] sm:text-[22px]">
+              {thread.subject || t("mail.noSubject")}
+            </h1>
+            <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 text-[12.5px] text-slate-400">
+              <span>{t("conversations.messagesInConversation", { count: infos?.length ?? thread.message_count })}</span>
+              {infos && waitingOnMe && lastIncoming && (
+                <span
+                  className={`inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 text-[11.5px] font-medium ${
+                    iReplied ? "bg-emerald-500/15 text-emerald-200" : "bg-amber-500/15 text-amber-200"
+                  }`}
+                >
+                  <CornerUpLeft className="h-3 w-3" aria-hidden />
+                  {iReplied ? t("conversations.youReplied") : t("conversations.notReplied")}
+                </span>
+              )}
+            </div>
+          </div>
+
+          {error && (
+            <div role="alert" className="rounded-lg bg-rose-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-[13px] text-rose-200">
+              {error}
+            </div>
+          )}
+          {!infos && !error && <div className="py-10 text-center text-sm text-slate-400">{t("common.loading")}</div>}
+          {infos && infos.length === 0 && (
+            <div className="py-10 text-center text-sm text-slate-400">{t("conversations.conversationEmpty")}</div>
+          )}
+
+          {infos?.map((info) => {
+            const key = messageKey(info);
+            const isOpen = open.has(key);
+            const full = bodies[key];
+            const loaded = full && full !== "error" ? full : null;
+            const sender = loaded ? splitSender(loaded.from) : { name: info.from_display_name, address: info.sender_address };
+            const displayName = info.own ? t("conversations.me") : sender.name || info.from_display_name || sender.address;
+            const trustedHere = loaded ? trusted.isTrusted(loaded.from) : false;
+            const showImages = trustedHere || imagesOnce.has(key);
+            const doc = loaded ? messageDocument(loaded, showImages) : null;
+            const blocked = loaded ? hasBlockedRemoteContent(loaded) : false;
+
+            return (
+              <section
+                key={key}
+                className={`rounded-xl shadow-edge ${isOpen ? "bg-dark-panel" : "bg-dark-card/60 hover:bg-dark-card"}`}
+              >
+                <button
+                  type="button"
+                  onClick={() => toggle(info)}
+                  aria-expanded={isOpen}
+                  className="flex w-full items-center gap-3 rounded-xl px-3.5 py-3 text-left focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400"
+                >
+                  <Avatar
+                    address={info.sender_address}
+                    initials={initialsOf(displayName, info.sender_address)}
+                    size={isOpen ? 40 : 30}
+                    className="bg-indigo-900 text-indigo-300 shadow-[inset_0_0_0_1px_#5d5294]"
+                  />
+                  <span className="flex min-w-0 flex-1 flex-col">
+                    <span className="flex items-baseline gap-2">
+                      <span className={`min-w-0 truncate text-[14px] ${info.seen ? "text-slate-200" : "font-semibold text-slate-100"}`}>
+                        {displayName}
+                      </span>
+                      {isOpen && !info.own && sender.address && (
+                        <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[12.5px] text-slate-400">&lt;{sender.address}&gt;</span>
+                      )}
+                    </span>
+                    {!isOpen && (
+                      <span className="truncate text-[12.5px] text-slate-400">{plainSnippet(info.snippet)}</span>
+                    )}
+                  </span>
+                  {info.answered && (
+                    <CornerUpLeft
+                      className="h-3.5 w-3.5 flex-none text-emerald-300"
+                      aria-label={t("conversations.youReplied")}
+                    />
+                  )}
+                  {!info.seen && !info.own && <span className="h-[7px] w-[7px] flex-none rounded-full bg-indigo-500" />}
+                  <span className="flex-none text-[12px] tabular-nums text-slate-400">{dateText(info.received_at, isOpen)}</span>
+                  <ChevronDown className={`h-4 w-4 flex-none text-slate-500 transition-transform ${isOpen ? "rotate-180" : ""}`} />
+                </button>
+
+                {isOpen && (
+                  <div className="flex flex-col gap-3 px-3.5 pb-4">
+                    {full === "error" && (
+                      <div role="alert" className="rounded-lg bg-rose-500/10 px-3 py-2 text-[13px] text-rose-200">
+                        {t("errors.serverError")}
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+                    {!loaded && full !== "error" && (
+                      <div className="py-6 text-center text-[13px] text-slate-400">{t("conversations.loadingMessage")}</div>
+                    )}
+                    {loaded && (
+                      <>
+                        <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1 text-[12.5px] text-slate-400 [overflow-wrap:anywhere]">
+                          {loaded.to.length > 0 && (
+                            <span>
+                              <span className="text-slate-500">{t("ui.toRecipients")}: </span>
+                              {loaded.to.slice(0, 3).join(", ")}
+                              {loaded.to.length > 3 && ` +${loaded.to.length - 3}`}
+                            </span>
+                          )}
+                          {!info.own && (
+                            <button
+                              type="button"
+                              onClick={() => void (trustedHere ? trusted.revoke(loaded.from) : trusted.trust(loaded.from))}
+                              aria-pressed={trustedHere}
+                              title={trustedHere ? t("mail.trustedSenderHint") : t("mail.trustSenderHint")}
+                              className={`inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-full px-2 py-0.5 text-[11.5px] font-medium transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400 ${
+                                trustedHere
+                                  ? "bg-indigo-500/20 text-indigo-200 hover:bg-indigo-500/30"
+                                  : "text-slate-400 shadow-[inset_0_0_0_1px_rgba(233,233,237,0.18)] hover:bg-white/[0.07] hover:text-slate-200"
+                              }`}
+                            >
+                              <ShieldCheck className="h-3 w-3" aria-hidden />
+                              {trustedHere ? t("mail.trustedSender") : t("mail.trustSender")}
+                            </button>
+                          )}
+                          <Link
+                            href={`/user/compose?mode=forward&subject=${encodeURIComponent(loaded.subject)}`}
+                            className="ml-auto inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded-md px-1.5 py-1 text-indigo-300 hover:bg-white/[0.07]"
+                          >
+                            <Forward className="h-3.5 w-3.5" aria-hidden />
+                            {t("mail.forward")}
+                          </Link>
+                        </div>
+
+                        {blocked && !trustedHere && (
+                          <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-x-3 gap-y-1 rounded-lg bg-dark-card px-3 py-2 shadow-edge">
+                            <ImageIcon className="h-4 w-4 flex-none text-indigo-400" aria-hidden />
+                            <span className="min-w-[180px] flex-1 text-[12.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-300">
+                              {imagesOnce.has(key) ? t("mail.imagesEnabled") : t("mail.remoteContentBlocked")}
+                            </span>
+                            <button
+                              type="button"
+                              onClick={() =>
+                                setImagesOnce((current) => {
+                                  const next = new Set(current);
+                                  if (next.has(key)) next.delete(key);
+                                  else next.add(key);
+                                  return next;
+                                })
+                              }
+                              className={infoLinkClass}
+                            >
+                              {imagesOnce.has(key) ? t("mail.hideImages") : t("mail.loadImages")}
+                            </button>
+                          </div>
+                        )}
+
+                        {loaded.attachments.length > 0 && (
+                          <div className="flex gap-2 overflow-x-auto pb-1">
+                            {loaded.attachments.map((filename, idx) => (
+                              <a
+                                key={`${filename}-${idx}`}
+                                href={`/api/v1/mail/message/${loaded.uid}/attachment/${encodeURIComponent(filename)}?folder=${encodeURIComponent(info.folder)}`}
+                                download={filename}
+                                className="group flex h-10 max-w-[260px] flex-none items-center gap-2 rounded-lg bg-dark-card px-2.5 text-slate-200 shadow-edge hover:shadow-edge-accent focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-indigo-400"
+                              >
+                                <span className="min-w-0 truncate text-[12.5px]">{filename}</span>
+                                <Download className="h-3.5 w-3.5 flex-none text-slate-500 group-hover:text-indigo-300" />
+                              </a>
+                            ))}
+                          </div>
+                        )}
+
+                        {doc ? (
+                          <MessageFrame document={doc} />
+                        ) : (
+                          <pre className="whitespace-pre-wrap break-words rounded-xl bg-dark-bg px-4 py-4 font-sans text-[14.5px] leading-relaxed text-slate-200">
+                            {loaded.text || t("mail.emptyBody")}
+                          </pre>
+                        )}
+                      </>
+                    )}
+                  </div>
+                )}
+              </section>
+            );
+          })}
+
+          {/* The reply is written here, under the messages it answers, so they
+              stay in view while it is typed. */}
+          <div ref={replyAnchor} className="flex flex-col gap-3">
+            {reply ? (
+              <div className="rounded-xl bg-dark-panel p-3 shadow-edge">
+                <Composer
+                  key={reply.nonce}
+                  variant="inline"
+                  initial={reply.initial}
+                  onSent={() => {
+                    setReply(null);
+                    void load(false);
+                    notifyMailStateChanged();
+                    props.onChanged();
+                  }}
+                  onDiscarded={() => setReply(null)}
+                />
+              </div>
+            ) : (
+              infos &&
+              infos.length > 0 && (
+                <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
+                  <button type="button" onClick={() => void startReply("reply")} className={replyButtonClass}>
+                    <Reply className="h-4 w-4" />
+                    {t("mail.reply")}
+                  </button>
+                  {canReplyAll && (
+                    <button type="button" onClick={() => void startReply("replyAll")} className={replyButtonClass}>
+                      <ReplyAll className="h-4 w-4" />
+                      {t("mail.replyAll")}
+                    </button>
+                  )}
+                </div>
+              )
+            )}
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </motion.article>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/conversations.test.ts b/services/webmail/src/conversations.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf5d252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/conversations.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import {
+  initiallyOpen,
+  messageKey,
+  participantsLine,
+  replyTarget,
+  type ThreadMessageInfo,
+  type ThreadParticipant,
+} from "./lib/conversations";
+
+const message = (uid: number, over: Partial<ThreadMessageInfo> = {}): ThreadMessageInfo => ({
+  uid,
+  folder: "INBOX",
+  subject: "s",
+  sender_address: "a@x.test",
+  from_display_name: "",
+  snippet: "",
+  received_at: "2026-10-22T10:00:00Z",
+  has_attachments: false,
+  seen: true,
+  flagged: false,
+  answered: false,
+  own: false,
+  ...over,
+});
+
+describe("which messages of a conversation start open", () => {
+  it("opens the newest one and leaves the older read ones as a line", () => {
+    const open = initiallyOpen([message(1), message(2), message(3)]);
+    expect([...open]).toEqual(["inbox:3"]);
+  });
+
+  it("also opens what somebody wrote and has not been read, wherever it is", () => {
+    const open = initiallyOpen([message(1, { seen: false }), message(2), message(3)]);
+    expect(open.has("inbox:1")).toBe(true);
+    expect(open.has("inbox:3")).toBe(true);
+    expect(open.has("inbox:2")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("does not open my own message just because it carries no read flag", () => {
+    const open = initiallyOpen([message(1, { seen: false, own: true }), message(2)]);
+    expect(open.has("inbox:1")).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("is empty for nothing", () => {
+    expect(initiallyOpen([]).size).toBe(0);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("keys", () => {
+  // The same UID in two folders is two messages.
+  it("tells the same uid apart across folders", () => {
+    expect(messageKey({ folder: "INBOX", uid: 4 })).not.toBe(messageKey({ folder: "Sent", uid: 4 }));
+  });
+  it("ignores the case of the folder name", () => {
+    expect(messageKey({ folder: "Sent", uid: 4 })).toBe(messageKey({ folder: "sent", uid: 4 }));
+  });
+});
+
+describe("who a reply answers", () => {
+  it("is the newest message somebody else wrote", () => {
+    const target = replyTarget([message(1), message(2, { own: true }), message(3, { own: true })]);
+    expect(target?.uid).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it("falls back to the last message when everything is mine", () => {
+    expect(replyTarget([message(1, { own: true }), message(2, { own: true })])?.uid).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it("is nothing for an empty conversation", () => {
+    expect(replyTarget([])).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("the participants line", () => {
+  const p = (name: string, address: string, me = false): ThreadParticipant => ({ name, address, me });
+
+  it("names the owner as me", () => {
+    expect(participantsLine([p("Ana Souza", "ana@x.test"), p("Lucas", "me@x.test", true)], "me")).toBe("Ana, me");
+  });
+
+  it("keeps the whole name when there is only one writer", () => {
+    expect(participantsLine([p("Ana Souza", "ana@x.test")], "me")).toBe("Ana Souza");
+  });
+
+  it("uses the address when there is no name, and does not cut it", () => {
+    expect(participantsLine([p("", "ana@x.test"), p("Bob Lee", "bob@x.test")], "me")).toBe("ana@x.test, Bob");
+  });
+
+  it("is empty for no one", () => {
+    expect(participantsLine([], "me")).toBe("");
+  });
+});
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/lib/conversations.ts b/services/webmail/src/lib/conversations.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ae1bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/lib/conversations.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"use client";
+
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
+
+/**
+ * Mail read as conversations: one row per conversation in the list, and the
+ * messages of one stacked in the reader.
+ */
+
+export interface ThreadParticipant {
+  name: string;
+  address: string;
+  me: boolean;
+}
+
+/** One row of the conversation list. `uid` is the newest message in the folder. */
+export interface ThreadSummary {
+  thread_id: string;
+  uid: number;
+  subject: string;
+  sender_address: string;
+  from_display_name: string;
+  snippet: string;
+  received_at: string;
+  has_attachments: boolean;
+  message_count: number;
+  unseen_count: number;
+  seen: boolean;
+  flagged: boolean;
+  answered: boolean;
+  participants: ThreadParticipant[];
+}
+
+export interface ThreadMessageInfo {
+  uid: number;
+  folder: string;
+  subject: string;
+  sender_address: string;
+  from_display_name: string;
+  snippet: string;
+  received_at: string;
+  has_attachments: boolean;
+  seen: boolean;
+  flagged: boolean;
+  answered: boolean;
+  own: boolean;
+}
+
+/** A UID is only unique inside its folder, and a conversation spans folders. */
+export function messageKey(message: { folder: string; uid: number }): string {
+  return `${message.folder.toLowerCase()}:${message.uid}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Who wrote, for the list: names in the order they first wrote, the owner as
+ * "me", and a first name where there are several so the line fits.
+ */
+export function participantsLine(participants: ThreadParticipant[], meLabel: string): string {
+  if (participants.length === 0) return "";
+  const several = participants.length > 1;
+  return participants
+    .map((p) => {
+      if (p.me) return meLabel;
+      const name = (p.name || p.address).trim();
+      // "Ana Souza" becomes "Ana" beside other names, but an address stays whole.
+      return several && !name.includes("@") ? name.split(/\s+/)[0] : name;
+    })
+    .join(", ");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Which messages start open: the newest, and anything not yet read that
+ * someone else wrote. The rest are one line each, so a long conversation does
+ * not push the message that matters off the screen.
+ */
+export function initiallyOpen(messages: ThreadMessageInfo[]): Set<string> {
+  const open = new Set<string>();
+  if (messages.length === 0) return open;
+  open.add(messageKey(messages[messages.length - 1]));
+  for (const m of messages) {
+    if (!m.seen && !m.own) open.add(messageKey(m));
+  }
+  return open;
+}
+
+/** The message a reply answers: the newest one somebody else wrote. */
+export function replyTarget(messages: ThreadMessageInfo[]): ThreadMessageInfo | null {
+  for (let i = messages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (!messages[i].own) return messages[i];
+  }
+  return messages.length > 0 ? messages[messages.length - 1] : null;
+}
+
+interface Preferences {
+  signature: string;
+  auto_save_drafts: boolean;
+  conversation_view: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether the list shows conversations. Kept on the account, so the choice
+ * follows it to every browser. On until the account says otherwise.
+ *
+ * `ready` is false until the account has answered: the list waits for it, or
+ * it would load one way and then reload the other.
+ */
+export function useConversationView() {
+  const [prefs, setPrefs] = useState<Preferences | null>(null);
+  const [ready, setReady] = useState(false);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    let cancelled = false;
+    fetch("/api/v1/user/preferences", { cache: "no-store" })
+      .then((res) => (res.ok ? res.json() : null))
+      .then((data) => {
+        if (!cancelled && data) setPrefs(data);
+      })
+      .catch(() => undefined)
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (!cancelled) setReady(true);
+      });
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  const enabled = prefs?.conversation_view ?? true;
+
+  const setEnabled = useCallback(
+    async (next: boolean) => {
+      if (!prefs) return false;
+      setPrefs({ ...prefs, conversation_view: next });
+      try {
+        // The whole record goes back: the endpoint replaces the signature with
+        // whatever it is given, so saving only the switch would blank it.
+        const res = await fetch("/api/v1/user/preferences", {
+          method: "POST",
+          headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+          body: JSON.stringify({ ...prefs, conversation_view: next }),
+        });
+        if (!res.ok) throw new Error("rejected");
+        return true;
+      } catch {
+        setPrefs(prefs);
+        return false;
+      }
+    },
+    [prefs],
+  );
+
+  return { enabled, ready, setEnabled };
+}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/lib/renderMessage.ts b/services/webmail/src/lib/renderMessage.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3845cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/webmail/src/lib/renderMessage.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { sanitizeEmailHtml, blockRemoteImages, unblockRemoteImages } from "./sanitizer";
+import { resolveInlineImages, buildReaderDocument, type InlineImages } from "./emailBody";
+
+/** What it takes to draw a message's body. */
+export interface RenderableBody {
+  html: string;
+  inline_images?: InlineImages;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The document the reader frame renders, or null for a message with no HTML.
+ *
+ * Order matters: sanitise first so nothing downstream handles untrusted
+ * markup, then resolve the message's own inline parts, then block or restore
+ * remote sources - which is the only part the reader chooses.
+ */
+export function messageDocument(message: RenderableBody, showImages: boolean): string | null {
+  if (!message.html) return null;
+  const sanitized = sanitizeEmailHtml(message.html);
+  if (!sanitized) return null;
+  const withInline = resolveInlineImages(sanitized, message.inline_images ?? {});
+  const body = showImages ? unblockRemoteImages(withInline) : blockRemoteImages(withInline);
+  return buildReaderDocument(body);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether anything was actually held back, so the privacy bar is not shown over
+ * a message that has no remote content at all.
+ */
+export function hasBlockedRemoteContent(message: RenderableBody): boolean {
+  if (!message.html) return false;
+  const sanitized = resolveInlineImages(sanitizeEmailHtml(message.html), message.inline_images ?? {});
+  return blockRemoteImages(sanitized) !== sanitized;
+}
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/mail-state-integrity.test.ts b/services/webmail/src/mail-state-integrity.test.ts
index cf53e66..11c2ebc 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/mail-state-integrity.test.ts
+++ b/services/webmail/src/mail-state-integrity.test.ts
@@ -106,13 +106,17 @@ describe("read and unread state", () => {
 
 describe("the reader pane", () => {
   it("resolves the message's own inline images", () => {
-    const page = code(MAIL_PAGE);
-    expect(page).toContain("resolveInlineImages");
-    expect(page).toContain("inline_images");
+    // The pipeline moved to one place both readers - a single message and a
+    // conversation - draw through, so it is checked there.
+    const render = code("src/lib/renderMessage.ts");
+    expect(render).toContain("resolveInlineImages");
+    expect(render).toContain("inline_images");
+    expect(code(MAIL_PAGE)).toContain("messageDocument");
+    expect(code("src/components/ThreadReader.tsx")).toContain("messageDocument");
   });
 
   it("renders the body inside the tested document rather than a bare fragment", () => {
-    expect(code(MAIL_PAGE)).toContain("buildReaderDocument");
+    expect(code("src/lib/renderMessage.ts")).toContain("buildReaderDocument");
   });
 
   // A fixed 500px frame clipped every long message and left a slab of white

From 897f0122f470d7c59424a84f49c9570fc7303385 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lucas Rayan <lucas.guerra@pop-pe.rnp.br>
Date: Thu, 22 Oct 2026 22:05:43 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 5/5] fix(webmail): Undo send really undoes, and a send is not
 made twice

The countdown sent from inside a state updater and Undo's button submitted the
form, so Undo stopped the timer and then started the send over. The timer is
now held in a ref, Undo is type=button, and leaving the screen flushes a
pending send once. Snippets drop a stylesheet the preview was cut inside of.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .wolf/buglog.json                             | 11 ++++
 services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx  | 60 +++++++++++++++----
 .../src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts       | 29 +++++++++
 services/webmail/src/lib/snippet.ts           |  5 +-
 services/webmail/src/snippet.test.ts          |  4 ++
 5 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.wolf/buglog.json b/.wolf/buglog.json
index 654c0f1..039f99d 100644
--- a/.wolf/buglog.json
+++ b/.wolf/buglog.json
@@ -35,6 +35,17 @@
         "drafts"
       ],
       "date": "2026-10-22"
+    },
+    {
+      "error_message": "Undo send did not undo: the message was sent anyway (and twice in development)",
+      "root_cause": "The 10-second countdown sent the message from inside a setUndoSeconds updater. Undo only set the number to null; the interval kept running, its next tick saw prev === null and sent. React may also run an updater twice",
+      "fix": "The countdown is counted in a plain closure with the timer kept in pendingSend; handleUndo clears it; leaving the screen flushes a pending send once (and does not navigate). Covered by compose-draft-integrity.test.ts",
+      "tags": [
+        "webmail",
+        "compose",
+        "undo-send"
+      ],
+      "date": "2026-10-22"
     }
   ]
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx b/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx
index 00bfd81..5f5c8a7 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx
+++ b/services/webmail/src/components/Composer.tsx
@@ -87,6 +87,11 @@ export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: Com
   // way when that happens would otherwise land afterwards and bring the draft
   // back, so every save checks this before and after it talks to the server.
   const discardedRef = useRef(false);
+  // The send waiting out its ten seconds, so Undo can stop it and leaving the
+  // screen cannot lose it.
+  const pendingSend = useRef<{ timer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval>; html: string } | null>(null);
+  const sendRef = useRef<(html: string) => Promise<void>>(async () => undefined);
+  const unmounted = useRef(false);
 
   const editorRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   // The body, mirrored into React state.
@@ -98,6 +103,21 @@ export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: Com
   // that is why a draft left behind by a sent message was empty.
   const [body, setBody] = useState("");
 
+  // Leaving with a send still counting down sends it now. Dropping it would lose
+  // a message the writer was told was on its way; Undo is the way to cancel.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    unmounted.current = false;
+    return () => {
+      unmounted.current = true;
+      const pending = pendingSend.current;
+      if (pending) {
+        clearInterval(pending.timer);
+        pendingSend.current = null;
+        void sendRef.current(pending.html);
+      }
+    };
+  }, []);
+
   // An inline reply is opened to be written in, so the cursor starts in it.
   useEffect(() => {
     if (inline) editorRef.current?.focus();
@@ -290,16 +310,24 @@ export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: Com
 
     const bodyHtml = editorRef.current?.innerHTML || body;
 
-    const interval = setInterval(() => {
-      setUndoSeconds((prev) => {
-        if (prev === null || prev <= 1) {
-          clearInterval(interval);
-          void sendActualMessage(bodyHtml);
-          return null;
-        }
-        return prev - 1;
-      });
+    // The countdown is counted here and not inside a state updater. The send
+    // used to be a side effect of that updater, which React may run twice (the
+    // message went out twice) and which Undo could not stop: Undo only cleared
+    // the number, and the next tick - finding it empty - sent the message
+    // anyway.
+    let remaining = 10;
+    const timer = setInterval(() => {
+      remaining -= 1;
+      if (remaining > 0) {
+        setUndoSeconds(remaining);
+        return;
+      }
+      clearInterval(timer);
+      pendingSend.current = null;
+      setUndoSeconds(null);
+      void sendRef.current(bodyHtml);
     }, 1000);
+    pendingSend.current = { timer, html: bodyHtml };
   };
 
   const sendActualMessage = async (htmlBody: string) => {
@@ -329,14 +357,22 @@ export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: Com
         setSending(false);
         return;
       }
-      onSent();
+      // A flush after leaving must not drag the writer back to Sent.
+      if (!unmounted.current) onSent();
     } catch {
       setSendError(t("errors.serverError"));
       setSending(false);
     }
   };
 
+  sendRef.current = sendActualMessage;
+
   const handleUndo = () => {
+    // Stops the timer itself: clearing the number on screen is not enough.
+    if (pendingSend.current) {
+      clearInterval(pendingSend.current.timer);
+      pendingSend.current = null;
+    }
     setUndoSeconds(null);
     setSending(false);
   };
@@ -412,7 +448,9 @@ export function Composer({ initial, variant = "page", onSent, onDiscarded }: Com
                   remaining) (9s remaining)". */}
               <span>{t("mail.undoSend", { seconds: undoSeconds })}</span>
             </div>
-            <Button variant="primary" size="sm" onClick={handleUndo}>
+            {/* type="button": inside this form a button submits it, so Undo used to
+                stop the countdown and then send the message again. */}
+            <Button type="button" variant="primary" size="sm" onClick={handleUndo}>
               <Undo2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
               {t("mail.undoSendAction")}
             </Button>
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts b/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
index d89619f..0232f4b 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
+++ b/services/webmail/src/compose-draft-integrity.test.ts
@@ -119,3 +119,32 @@ describe("discarding a draft", () => {
     expect(compose).toMatch(/discardedRef\.current && draftUidRef\.current > 0/);
   });
 });
+
+describe("undoing a send", () => {
+  // The countdown sent the message from inside a state updater. Undo cleared the
+  // number on screen but not the timer, whose next tick found it empty and sent
+  // the message anyway - so "Undo" undid nothing. React may also run an updater
+  // twice, which sent it twice.
+  it("does not send from inside a state updater", () => {
+    const compose = code(COMPOSE);
+    expect(compose).not.toMatch(/setUndoSeconds\(\(prev\)/);
+  });
+
+  it("stops the timer when the writer undoes", () => {
+    const compose = code(COMPOSE);
+    expect(compose).toMatch(/const handleUndo = \(\) => \{[\s\S]*?clearInterval\(pendingSend\.current\.timer\)/);
+  });
+
+  // A button inside a form submits it unless it says otherwise. Undo stopped the
+  // timer and then submitted the form, which started the send over.
+  it("is a button that does not submit the form", () => {
+    const compose = code(COMPOSE);
+    expect(compose).toMatch(/<Button type="button" variant="primary" size="sm" onClick=\{handleUndo\}>/);
+  });
+
+  it("sends a message still counting down when the screen is left", () => {
+    const compose = code(COMPOSE);
+    expect(compose).toMatch(/sendRef\.current\(pending\.html\)/);
+    expect(compose).toMatch(/if \(!unmounted\.current\) onSent\(\)/);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/lib/snippet.ts b/services/webmail/src/lib/snippet.ts
index 8a30f1e..b998c5a 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/lib/snippet.ts
+++ b/services/webmail/src/lib/snippet.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ export function plainSnippet(raw: string | null | undefined): string {
   const withoutTags = raw
     // A block boundary is a space, or "Hello,</p><p>You" would read "Hello,You".
     .replace(/<\/(?:p|div|li|tr|h[1-6])>|<br\s*\/?>/gi, " ")
-    .replace(/<(style|script|head)\b[^>]*>[\s\S]*?<\/\1>/gi, " ")
+    // A stylesheet or script is not text. The preview is cut at a fixed
+    // length, so the closing tag may be missing: then everything after the
+    // opening one is the rule set, and all of it goes.
+    .replace(/<(style|script|head)\b[^>]*>[\s\S]*?(?:<\/\1>|$)/gi, " ")
     .replace(/<[^>]*>/g, "")
     // The server cuts the preview at a fixed length, which can leave the start
     // of a tag with no end ("...open</p").
diff --git a/services/webmail/src/snippet.test.ts b/services/webmail/src/snippet.test.ts
index 3bb74de..57f2dda 100644
--- a/services/webmail/src/snippet.test.ts
+++ b/services/webmail/src/snippet.test.ts
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ describe("plainSnippet", () => {
   it("drops a tag the preview was cut in the middle of", () => {
     expect(plainSnippet("<p>Open cyber model access</p")).toBe("Open cyber model access");
   });
+  it("drops a stylesheet the preview was cut inside of", () => {
+    expect(plainSnippet("<style>.card{border:2px solid #0a7;padding:16px")).toBe("");
+    expect(plainSnippet("<style>.a{color:red}</style><p>Hello")).toBe("Hello");
+  });
   it("keeps an entity it does not know", () => {
     expect(plainSnippet("a &madeup; b")).toBe("a &madeup; b");
   });